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Pilgrimages and Crusades
A ziyoratchiHimoya talismani sifatida olib borilgan kolba, tarkibida muqaddas suv ichida Tomas Beket ibodatxonasidan Canterbury sobori
Haj ziyoratlari were a popular religious practice throughout the Middle Ages in England, with the tradition dating back to the Roman period.[217] Odatda ziyoratchilar qisqa masofalarni ziyoratgohga yoki ma'lum bir cherkovga borishlari kerak edi tavba qabul qilingan gunoh uchun yoki yengillik izlash kasallik yoki boshqa holatdan.[218] Ba'zi ziyoratchilar yanada Britaniyadagi uzoq joylarga yoki ba'zi hollarda qit'aga sayohat qildilar.[219]
Angliya-saksonlar davrida ko'plab ziyoratgohlar sobiq butparast joylarda qurilgan bo'lib, ular mashhur ziyoratgohlarga aylangan, boshqa ziyoratchilar esa taniqli monastirlarga va ma'rifat joylariga tashrif buyurgan.[220] Katta zodagonlar yoki podshohlar sayohat qilishar edi Rim, which was a popular destination from the 7th century onwards; ba'zan bu sayohatlar qulay siyosiy surgun shakli edi.[221] Normandlar davrida muhim maqbaralarga ega diniy muassasalar, masalan Glastonberi, Canterbury va Vinchester, o'zlarini ziyoratgohlar sifatida targ'ib qilib, saytlar bilan bog'liq bo'lgan tarixiy mo''jizalarning qiymatini maksimal darajada oshirdilar.[222] Yig'ish yodgorliklar shuhratparast muassasalar uchun muhim vazifaga aylandi, chunki ular shifobaxsh vakolatlarga ega va saytga berilgan maqomga ega edi.[223] Indeed, by the 12th century reports of posthumous mo''jizalar mahalliy avliyolar tomonidan Angliyada tobora keng tarqalgan bo'lib, taniqli yodgorliklarga ziyoratlarning jozibadorligini oshirdi.[224]
Ishtirok etish Salib yurishlari was also seen as a form of pilgrimage, and indeed the same Latin word, peregrinatsiya, was sometimes applied to both activities.[225] Ingliz tili ishtirokida Birinchi salib yurishi between 1095 and 1099 was limited, England played a prominent part in the Ikkinchi, Uchinchidan va Beshinchi salib yurishlari keyingi ikki asr davomida ko'plab salibchilar tark etishdi Levant o'tgan yillar davomida.[226] Haj ziyoratini bajarish g'oyasi Quddus Angliyada bu yangilik emas edi, chunki diniy jihatdan oqlangan urush g'oyasi anglo-saksonlar davrida paydo bo'lgan.[227] Salib yurishiga borish uchun Xochni olganlarning aksariyati hech qachon ketishmaydi, chunki ko'pincha bu odam sayohat qilish uchun etarli mablag'ga ega emas edi.
San'at
Asosiy maqolalar: Angliya-sakson san'ati va O'rta asr san'ati
Angliya-sakson shoulder clasp, bilan geometrik dizaynlar va zoomorfik cho'chqalar on the ends
Medieval England produced art in the form of paintings, carvings, books, fabrics and many functional but beautiful objects.[314] A wide range of materials was used, including gold, glass and ivory, the art usually drawing overt attention to the materials utilised in the designs.[314] Anglo-Saxon artists created carved fil suyagi, yoritilgan qo'lyozmalar, embroidered cloths, crosses and stone sculpture, although relatively few of these have survived to the modern period.[315] They produced a wide range of metallga ishlov berish, frequently using gold and granatlar, with brooches, buckles, sword hilts and shoxlarni ichish particularly favoured designs.[316] Early designs, such as those found at the Satton Hoo dafn marosimi, ishlatilgan a zoomorfik style, heavily influenced by German fashions, in which animal shapes were distorted into flowing shapes and positioned alongside geometrik naqshlar.[317] From the 7th century onwards more tabiiy designs became popular, showing a plastika of form and incorporating both animals and people into the designs.[318] X asrda, Carolingian styles, inspired by Classical imagery, began to enter from the continent, becoming widely used in the reformed Benedictine monasteries across the south and east of England.[319]
The Norman conquest introduced northern French artistic styles, particular in illuminated manuscripts and murals, and reduced the demand for carvings.[320] In other artistic areas, including embroidery, the Anglo-Saxon influence remained evident into the 12th century, and the famous Bayeux gobelenlari is an example of older styles being reemployed under the new regime.[321] Vitraylar became a distinctive form of English art during this later medieval period, although the coloured glass for these works was almost entirely imported from Europe.[322] Angliyadagi kichik vitraylar saqlanib qoldi, ammo u odatda bezak va tarbiyaviy funktsiyaga ega edi, keyinchalik ishlarda derazalarning homiylarini ham dizaynlarga eslab qolishdi.[323] Ingliz tili gobelen XIV asr boshlarida kashtachilik va kashtachilik ayniqsa yuqori sifatga ega edi; rohibalar va Londonlik mutaxassislar tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan asarlar Evropa bo'ylab eksport qilinib, taniqli bo'lgan opus anglicanum.[324] Kabi ingliz yoritilgan kitoblari Qirolicha Meri Psalter, shuningdek, bu davrda taniqli bo'lib, boy bezak, grotesk va tabiiy figuralar va boy ranglarning kombinatsiyasini namoyish etgan.[325] XIV asrda Flandriya raqobati tufayli Angliyada yoritilgan san'atning sifati sezilarli darajada pasayib ketdi va keyinchalik ingliz yoritilgan o'rta asrlar asarlari odatda Flaman uslublariga taqlid qildilar.[326]
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