One General environmental laws, principles and rules of ecology

2.2 Rational and integrated use of minerals and energy resources
State of use of natural resources
The rapid development of scientific and technological progress is accompanied by the intensive use of non-renewable resources, which include the majority of mineral resources:
- fuel and energy - oil, gas, coal, oil shale, peat, uranium ores;
- ore resources - iron and manganese ore, bauxite, chromite, copper, lead-zinc, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, tin ores, ores of precious metals;
- natural building materials and non-metallic minerals - limestone, dolomite, clay, sand, marble, granite, jasper, agate, diamonds;
- Mining and chemical raw materials - apatite, phosphate, sodium chloride, potassium salt, sulfur, barite, bromine and iodine-containing solutions;
- hydromineral resources - underground fresh and saline water;
- mineral resources located in the depths under the seas and oceans.
According to some authors, the proven oil reserves in Russia will last for 35 years. Exploration and development of new deposits has almost ceased.
C. 1992 g of . an increase in proven reserves of minerals does not cover their mining. Russia's resource saturation, measured by the amount of resources consumed per capita, is 1.5-3 times lower than in other industrial countries. It is expected that by 2000 . the raw material base of 40% of the extractive enterprises will be exhausted, and Russia may turn from an exporter of mineral raw materials into its importer.
A similar situation is taking shape in a number of other countries, and in many countries there are no mineral resources most essential for vital activity. The priority tasks are: protection and rational use of natural resources, widespread involvement of renewable energy sources (water, wind and solar energy) in the resource cycle, integrated use of natural resources.
The main provisions of environmental management
The improvement of resource cycles is based on a number of general principles, on the basis of which environmental management in any branch of production is based.
These include the principle of a systematic approach, which provides for a comprehensive comprehensive assessment of the impact of production on the environment and its responses.
From the position of a systematic approach, no natural resource can be used or protected independently of each other. For example, increasing soil fertility through irrigation through irrigation systems can lead to depletion of water resources, which must be foreseen and prevented.
Waste discharges into the river should be assessed not only by their impact on the fish, but also on the biochemistry of the water body and the entire water supply system of the area where this river flows, including the water body or watercourse to which this river flows.
The principle of optimization of environmental management is to make the most appropriate decisions in the use of natural resources and natural systems based on a simultaneous environmental and economic approach, forecasting the development of various industries and geographic regions. In accordance with this principle, it is advisable to move some timber processing enterprises to the eastern regions of the country, closer to the stocks of raw materials, which reduces the load on depleted timber stocks in the European part of the Russian Federation. Open pit mining methods of mining have a number of advantages over mining in the degree of maximum utilization of raw materials, but they lead to the loss of fertile soils. The optimum is a combination of open-cast mining with land reclamation and restoration of their fertility.
The principle of advancing the rate of procurement and extraction of raw materials at a rate of yield of useful products is based on reducing the amount of waste generated in the production process, that is, more fully using the same amount of feedstock. It assumes an increase in production not due to the involvement in the use of new masses of natural resources, but due to their more complete use by resource saving and improvement of technological processes.
The principle of harmonization of relations between nature and production is decided on the creation and operation of natural-technical, geotechnical or ecological-economic systems, which are a combination of any production and elements of the natural environment interacting with it, and providing, on the one hand, high production rates, and the other is the maintenance of a favorable environmental situation in the zone of its influence, the maximum possible preservation and reproduction of natural resources. Such systems provide for the prediction of undesirable and dangerous situations, as well as the implementation of measures to prevent them. The system has a management service, the task of which is to timely detect possible adverse effects and to make the necessary adjustments to one or another component of the system (production or the environment).If a deterioration in the environment of the enterprise’s environment is detected, the management service decides whether it is necessary to stop the production process while reducing emissions and discharges.
Timely and accurate detection of hazardous situations is achieved by continuous collection of information on the state of the environment through observation of changes caused by anthropogenic causes, which makes it possible to predict their development. Such systems are called monitoring (from the Greek “monitor” - forward-looking). The simplest functions of these systems are to control air pollution, water, soil, to observe the state of living organisms, and directly at the enterprise - to control wastewater and gas and dust emissions. The information obtained is analyzed by the management of the company, making the necessary technical decisions.
The principle of the integrated use of natural resources and the concentration of production lies in the fact that territorial-production complexes are created on the basis of the raw materials and energy resources available in this economic region, which make it possible to use these resources more fully and thereby reduce the harmful load on the environment. Such territorial-industrial complexes have a specialization, are concentrated on a certain territory, have a unified production and social infrastructure (communications, substance and energy flows, the health care system, the cultural sphere) and work together to protect the environment. An example is the Kansk-Achinsk Thermal Power Complex (KATEK), based on large deposits of coal.Such territorial production complexes create prerequisites for the development of integrated energy- and resource-saving industries, for the maximum possible disposal of waste and the use of secondary products. Naturally, the complexes also have a detrimental effect on the environment, but due to the integrated use of its resources based on the concentration of production, optimization of environmental management, as well as harmonization of the interaction of technology with the environment, this effect is significantly reduced. At the same time, investments in compensatory measures are increased in order to ensure the quality of the environment and reduce damage to nature.The complexes also have a harmful impact on the environment, but due to the integrated use of its resources based on the concentration of production, optimization of environmental management, and harmonization of the interaction of technology with the environment, this effect is significantly reduced. At the same time, investments in compensatory measures are increased in order to ensure the quality of the environment and reduce damage to nature.The complexes also have a harmful impact on the environment, but due to the integrated use of its resources based on the concentration of production, optimization of environmental management, and harmonization of the interaction of technology with the environment, this effect is significantly reduced. At the same time, investments in compensatory measures are increased in order to ensure the quality of the environment and reduce damage to nature.
CONCLUSION
At the present stage of development of human society, when, as a result of the scientific and technological revolution, its impact on the biosphere increased, the practical importance of ecology has increased enormously. Ecology should serve as a scientific basis for any measures for the use and protection of natural resources, for preserving the environment in a condition favorable for human habitat. The knowledge of the basic principles of the transformation of matter and energy in natural ecosystems creates a theoretical basis for the development of practical measures to increase the quantity and quality of food products produced in the biosphere. Studies of the natural mechanisms of regulation of population numbers are the basis for planning and developing systems of measures for managing the number of economically important species.
Now mankind has two major problems: the prevention of nuclear war and environmental disasters. The comparison is not accidental: the anthropogenic pressure on the environment threatens the same as the use of atomic weapons - the destruction of life on Earth.
A feature of our time is the intense and global human impact on the environment, which is accompanied by intense and global negative consequences. The contradictions between man and nature can be aggravated, among other things, because there is no limit to the growth of material human needs, while the ability of the natural environment to satisfy them is limited.
The system of intact natural areas in Russia seems to be quite developed and relatively flexible.
Moreover, the density of the network of these territories and the flexibility of the security system have been growing in recent years. Although this system (like the whole country as a whole) is now experiencing significant economic difficulties, the forecast for its development is generally favorable. The main disadvantage of the network of protected areas of Russia is its unevenness and, especially, low density in the steppe zone, which is the most subject to anthropogenic transformation.
There are reserves in the European steppe, but they are microscopic (on the scale of Russia), while in the West Siberian steppe there are no reserves or national parks. Creation here in 1994 . The three wetlands of international importance can be considered only as the first and rather timid step in the establishment of protection of the natural territories of this extremely important region. At the same time, the main areas of specially protected areas are concentrated in low-transformed tundra and taiga. In this respect, Russia is likened to a person who “is looking for a lost coin not where it is lost, but where it is light”.