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Psychological tests.The English word test means "trial" or "trial". The term was introduced into the practice of psychological research at the end of the last century by the American scientist J. Cattell. Tests have become widespread since A. Binet, together with T. Simon, developed their own system for determining the mental development of children. What is a test? The test is a short, standardized test that does not require complex technical devices, amenable to mathematical processing of data.
Test methodin its original specific meaning (the definition of the IQ) caused a number of serious objections. In the original version, with the help of tests, they tried to draw conclusions about the personality based on the fact of the decision or non-solution by the test subjects.
When individuals who have gone through different paths of development are presented with the same standard tests and, on the basis of their decisions, a conclusion is made about their giftedness, they make a mistake, not taking into account the dependence of the results on the conditions of development. This error was even more aggravated if the experimenter assumed that the level established by means of a test trial at one stage of development would characterize this subject in the future.
All this does not mean, however, that testing is unsuitable for research. Currently, the test method is used in psychology along with other methods. With its help, they seek to identify certain abilities, skills, abilities (or their absence), to most accurately characterize some personality traits, to identify the degree of suitability for work in a particular area, etc.
The diagnostic value of the test depends on the professional literacy of the experimenter and the conditions of the experiment. The diagnostic value of the test also depends on the reliability of the psychological fact that was the basis of the test, i.e. on how this test was designed: was it the result of a lot of preliminary experimental work or was it the result of approximate, random and superficial observations? Insufficiently substantiated and verified psychological tests can cause serious errors that can cause damage in pedagogical practice, in the field ofprofessional selection.
Survey Methods, interviews, questionnaires. Among the most common means of psychodiagnostics are all kinds of surveys, i.e. obtaining information from the words of the respondents. The scope of surveys in psychological research is quite extensive:
the survey acts as the main means of collecting primary information in the early stages of the study;
with the help of these interviews, working hypotheses are put forward;
the survey serves to clarify and control data obtained by other methods.
The whole variety of survey methods used in psychological research can be reduced to two main types:
face-to-face survey - an interview conducted by a researcher according to a specific plan;
correspondence survey - questionnaires intended for self-completion.
There are two types of interviews: standardized and non-standardized. In a standardized interview, the wording of the questions and their sequence are predetermined, they are the same for all respondents. The researcher is not allowed to change any questions or introduce new ones. The non-standardized interview methodology, on the contrary, is characterized by complete flexibility and varies widely. The researcher, who is guided only by the general plan of the interview, has the right, in accordance with the specific situation, to formulate questions and change the order of the points of the plan.
Questioning (correspondence survey) also has its own specifics. It is more expedient to resort to a correspondence survey in cases where it is necessary to find out the attitude of people to debatable or intimate issues, or to interview a large number of people in a relatively short time. The main advantage of the survey is the possibility of mass coverage of a large number of people. The questionnaire guarantees anonymity to a greater extent than the interview, and therefore the respondents can give more sincere answers.
However, surveys as methods of collecting primary information are characterized by certain limitations. Their data often testify not so much to the true opinions and moods of the respondents, but to how they portray them.
Currently, the practice of group training is a booming branch of applied psychology. Socio-psychological training is used to train specialists of various profiles: managers, teachers, doctors, psychologists, etc. It is used to correct the dynamics of marital conflicts, improve relations between parents and children, correct socio-psychological maladaptation of adolescents, etc.
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