On psychological data collection methods

INDEPENDENT WORK ON THE SUBJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGE OF THE STUDENT 201 P (RUS) GROUP KHUDAIBERGANOV JASURBEK

1. 
   ON PSYCHOLOGICAL DATA COLLECTION METHODS
   

PSYCHOLOGICAL DATA COLLECTION METHODSin psychology, these are the techniques and means by which psychologists obtain reliable information used to build scientific theories and develop practical recommendations. The strength of science largely depends on the perfection of research methods, on how valid and reliable they are, how quickly a given branch of knowledge is able to absorb and use all the newest, most advanced that appears in the methods of other sciences. Where this can be done, there is usually a noticeable breakthrough in the knowledge of the world.
All of the above applies to psychology. Thanks to the application of the methods of natural and exact sciences, psychology, starting from the second half of the last century, stood out as an independent science and began to develop actively. Up to this point, psychological knowledge was obtained mainly through self-observation (introspection), speculative reasoning, and observation of the behavior of other people. The analysis of the facts obtained by such methods served as the basis for the construction of the first scientific theories explaining the essence of psychological phenomena and human behavior. However, the subjectivity of these methods, their lack of reliability were the reason that psychology for a long time remained a non-experimental science, divorced from practice, capable of assuming, but not proving, causal relationships that exist between mental and other phenomena.
In science, there are general requirements for the objectivity of scientific psychological research. The principle of objective psychological research is implemented by a variety of methodological means.

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   Psyche, consciousness are studied in the unity of internal and external manifestations. However, the relationship between the external flow of the process and its internal nature is not always adequate. The general task of all methods of objective psychological research is to adequately reveal this relationship - to determine its internal psychological nature from the external course of an act.
   
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   Our psychology affirms the unity of the mental and the physical, so psychological research often includes a physiological analysis of psychological processes. For example, it is hardly possible to study emotional processes without analyzing their physiological components. Psychological research cannot study mental phenomena in isolation from their psychophysiological mechanisms.
   
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   The material foundations of the psyche are not reduced to its organic foundations, the way people think is determined by their way of life, the consciousness of people is determined by social practice. Therefore, the methodology of psychological research should be based on the analysis of human activity.
   
4. 
   Psychological patterns are revealed in the processdevelopment. The study of development is not only a special field, but also a specific method of psychological research. The point is not to fix the various levels of development, but to study the driving forces of this process.
   

Psychology, like any science, uses a whole system of different methods. In domestic psychology, the following four groups of methods are distinguished: 1.Organizational Methodsinclude: a) comparative genetic method (comparison of different species groups according to psychological indicators);

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  cross-sectional method (comparison of selected same psychological indicators in different groups of subjects);
  
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  longitudinal method - the method of longitudinal sections (multiple examinations of the same persons for a long time);
  
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  an integrated method (representatives of various sciences participate in the study, while, as a rule, one object is studied by different means). Research of this kind makes it possible to establish connections and dependencies between phenomena of various types, for example, between the physiological, psychological and social development of an individual.
  

2.empirical methods. They include:

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  observation and self-observation;
  
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  experimental methods (laboratory, natural, formative);
  
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  psychodiagnostic methods (tests, questionnaires, questionnaires, sociometry, interviews, conversation);
  
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  analysis of products of activity;
  
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  biographical methods.
  

3.Correction methods:

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  auto-training;
  
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  group training;
  
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  methods of psychotherapeutic influence;
  
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  education.
  

four.Data processing methods, including:

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  quantitative method (statistical);
  
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  qualitative method (differentiation of material by groups, analysis).