Олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги фарғона давлат университети

Latin origin: reign, empire, motive, commercial, missionary, reason, eventually, population, public, surface.
Native words: queen, great, grew, size, begin, world, land.
French origin: statesman, support, creation, sentiment.
Greek origin: strategic.

1.The words of Latin origin.
2.The native words.
3.The words of French origin.
4.The words of Greek origin.

1. 
   text: Despite the strategies stated above, the distinction between the two types of words has not been so simple and straightforward that their original semantic relations are no longer recognizable. Moreover, etymologically related meanings are not always related in mental lexicon of users; on the contrary, there are cases where etymologically unrelated forms are felt to be related in mental lexicon.
   

2 text: Proverbs, in colorful and vivid language, reflect important typical cultural values of every culture. By these proverbs we can know the culture and
traditions of this country. Simple and popular, concise and pithy, they are
passed on from generation to generation in the readable oral form and have
gradually become a component indispensable to the dominant culture.

3. 
   text: Listening comprehension and speaking in English are the skills generally more frequently used than reading and writing in daily living in an English speaking country. Listening comprehension and speaking in English are more difficult and more important for learners to master than reading and writing. When reading and writing a text a learner has more time for thinking and pauses than when listening and speaking in English in daily living.
   

4 text: Though the decadent writers saw the vices of the surrounding world, and in some of their works we find a truthful and critical description of contemporary life; on the whole their inner world lacks depth. They were firm in their opinion that it was impossible to better the world. They conveyed the idea that everyone must strive for his own private happiness, avoid suffering and enjoy life at all costs. The decadent writers created their own cult of beauty and proclaimed the theory of "pure art"; their motto was "art for art's sake".
5text: The revolution in poetry had its counterpart in fiction. The novelists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries had written within a defined social context to an audience that shared similar values and beliefs. Modernist writers perceived human beings as living in private worlds and therefore took as their task the illumination of individual experience. Novelists like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf attempted to reproduce the authentic character of human subjectivity, the so-called stream of consciousness.
6 text: The English like to think of themselves as straightforward people, not bound by social regulations to avoid talking about ‘bad’ things. However, there is a delicate balance between straightforwardness and understatement. As a German manager put it, ‘it took me a year to understand that when a British engineer says: “I’m afraid we’ve got a little problem”, it may well mean that our plant has burned down.’ Emotions may sometimes be explicit, e.g. in a football match, but otherwise strong opinions and judgements are seldom expressed bluntly.

CLASSIFICATION OF BORROWINGS
Aim: to make lexicological analyses of borrowings.

1. 
   Write some loan-words on the blackboard and let students find their origin, they can search in internet sites using their mobile phones. In some words affixes can also show the origin of words: beautiful, medicine, continue, guitar, piano, bungalow, mosque, tomahawk, rucksack, table, karaoke, paternal, father, solar, sun, samovar, pioneer, minister, skin, sky, pompous, brigade, masterpiece, omnivorous, hazardous, arrogant, book, apple, cheese, church, school, chemistry.
   
2. 
   There are some criteria of classification of borrowings. Explain the features of phonetic borrowings, semantic borrowings, morphemic borrowings and translation loans.
   

P honetic borrowings

S emantic borrowings

M orphemic borrowings

T ranslation-loans

3. 
   Define the loan-words (from ex.1) according to the borrowed aspect, add your own examples:
   

Phonetic borrowings	Semantic borrowings	Translation loans	Morphemic borrowings

4. 
   Which of the loan-words are felt as foreign words? Discuss what borrowings are called assimilated, partly assimilated and non-assimilated. Define them:
   

C ompletely assimilated borrowings

P artly assimilated borrowings

N on-assimilated borrowings

5. 
   Classify the same loan-words (given in the ex. 1) according to the degree of assimilation of borrowings. Add your own examples.
   

   Completely assimilated	Partly assimilated	Non-assimilated (barbarisms)

6. 
   Put each of the following expressions into its correct place in the sentences below. State the origin of these words and expressions.
   

tete-a-tete hors d’oeuvre
bon voyage rendezvous
carte blanche grand prix
nouveaux riches cul-de-sac
blase chic

1. 
   The advantage of living in a __________________________ is that there is no through traffic, so it’s very quiet.
   
2. 
   Let’s order. I’m hungry. I’m going to start with a nice ___________________ .
   
3. 
   The boss didn’t tell me how he wanted the project carried out. He gave me __________________________ to do it as I thought best.
   
4. 
   The French _____________________________ was won by a Brazilian driver in an Italian car.
   
5. 
   __________________________ , and send us a post-card when you arrive.
   
6. 
   She chooses her clothes, hair-style and make-up so that she is in the latest fashion. She always looks very ____________________ .
   
7. 
   I have one or two ideas I’d like to discuss with you. Could we have a little ________________________ one day soon?
   
8. 
   He was very excited when his first book was published, but now, having written over 30, he’s fairly __________________________ about it.
   
9. 
   That restaurant is a favourite ___________________________ for writers and artists.
   
10. 
    A snob tends to look down on _______________________________ as people who have money but no class or taste.
    

encore bloc
c’est la vie gourmet
detente avant garde
entourage debut
facade coup

1. 
   If we take Charles to our dinner, we must choose a good restaurant. He is a ______________________ .
   
2. 
   There was a successful _______________ last night. The president has been arrested and the main government buildings are in the hands of the army.
   
3. 
   Film stars don’t usually travel alone. They’re normally surrounded by a large ______________________ of agents, secretaries and other helpers.
   
4. 
   The audience liked her songs so much that at the end they shouted
   

‘__________________’ , and she obliged by singing one more.

5. 
   Yes, I’ve had some bad luck recently, but it’s no use worrying about it.
   

__________________ .

6. 
   The term “Eastern _______________ countries” refers to the Soviet Union
   

and the other socialist states of Eastern Europe.

7. 
   He’s a very ________________________ artist. I have no idea what he’s
   

trying to express. Very few people understand his paintings.

8. 
   She made her ___________________as an actress in a film at the age of 14 .
   
9. 
   That building still has its old ________________________ as you can see, but the rest of the building behind it has been rebuilt and modernized.
   
10. 
    At the moment there is a ___________________________ between the two countries. Relations are much easier.
    

status quo ad nauseam
persona non grata per capita
curriculum vitae vice versa
bona fide ego
post mortem pro rata

1. 
   Duty-free goods may be purchased only by _______________________ travellers. Please show your flight-ticket when buying.
   
2. 
   Applicants for this post should write enclosing a detailed ________________ .
   
3. 
   Rental rates for our cars are $50 a day. Longer periods will be charged _______________________ with no reductions, so a one-week rental will be $350.
   
4. 
   He was barred from this country in 1985 and has been ___________________ ever since.
   
5. 
   Everyone must do what she wants, listen to what she says, go where she decides to go. No one else is important. She really has got a big _______________ .
   
6. 
   Some people want to preserve the ______________________ in the country, but others want change, reform, development.
   
7. 
   A great many British people spend their holidays in America, and ________________________ .
   
8. 
   The _____________________ examination showed that she died of cancer.
   
9. 
   Canada has a _______________________ income of about $ 17,000.
   
10. 
    I’m afraid he’s rather a boring person. He goes on and on _________________ about his political views.
    

siesta kindergarten
patio bravo
blitz graffiti
incognito kaput
kowtow macho

1. 
   A man who is very hard, tough and masculine is sometimes described as “______________________ “ .
   
2. 
   At the age of three she went to a ____________________________ just to learn to play with other children.
   
3. 
   After lunch I like to have a _____________________ for an hour or so.
   
4. 
   A week after the wall was repainted, it was covered with _________________ again.
   
5. 
   My television’s _________________________ . I’ll have to buy a new one.
   
6. 
   You performed very well. _______________ !
   
7. 
   He didn’t want to be recognized so he changed his appearance and travelled ____________________ .
   
8. 
   My garden was looking very overgrown and neglected so I did a real _________________ on it last Sunday. I worked all day.
   
9. 
   When the Prime Minister comes, just be polite and normal. There’s no need to _________________________ to him.
   
10. 
    No, our house hasn’t got a proper garden, just a paved ________________ .
    

7. 
   State the origin of the following translation-loans.
   

1. 
   five-year plan
   
2. 
   wonder child
   
3. 
   masterpiece
   
4. 
   first dancer
   
5. 
   collective farm
   
6. 
   pipe of piece
   

8. There are some etymological doublets and triplets. Only one word of the etymological doublets or triplets is given. Find the synonymic variant of the words and discuss their origin, which language they came from and what period. Explain the usage of the words, put the definitions. The example is given for you.
The example: Abbreviate/abridge (Latin, abbreviare, “to shorten”): Both words mean “to reduce to a shorter form,” but abbreviate most commonly refers to words rendered as initials (US for “United States”) or otherwise truncated (admin. for administrator) or deprived of elements (mgr. for manager), while abridge, a synonym for condense, is used in reference to entire compositions (an abridged version of a report). It can also mean “to diminish or shorten” in terms of intangible qualities.
1.Capture
2. Convey
3. Feast
4. Gallop
5. Guard
6. Regard
7. Travel
8. Cavalry
9. Jail
10. Canal
11. Captain
12. Hospital
13. Shadow
14. Screw
9. Make up sentences with the given etymological doublets and triplets.
10. Summarize and discuss the process of borrowings, how the lexicological analyses help you clearly understand the problems of the borrowing. Write a small thesis within 700-1000 words on the influence of borrowed elements and loan-words on the development of the English vocabulary.