Олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги фарғона давлат университети

Q1 - Which abbreviation do you use when you want someone to reply to an invitation?
PS
RSVP
PTO
Q2 - Which abbreviation do you use when you want to add something at the end of a letter?
PS
PM
PTO
Q3 - Which abbreviation is used for times in the morning?
AM
PM
Q4 - Which abbreviation is used for times in the afternoon and evening?
AM
PM
Q5 - Which abbreviation do you use when you want someone to do something quickly.
RSVP
ASAP
Q6 - Which abbreviation is used when someone is prepared to negotiate a price for something.
OPEC
ono
Q7 - Which abbreviation is used for dead people?
RSVP
RIP
Q8 - If you're not exactly sure when you will get somewhere, you might give...
an ETA
a DOA
Q9 - Which is a sandwich?
TLC
BLT
Q10 - If a company uses a ____ box, they don't have to use their address for mail.
PM
PO
Q11 - In an email sent to more than one person, use 'Bcc' when you don't want to display the second address.
True
False
Q12 - 'RIP' means 'Rest In Peace'.
True
False

4. 
   Find out the correct full forms of abbreviations.
   

a.m.	Number
ABC	old-age pensioner
a/c	overhead projector per annum
acct.
a/c	post meridiem → after midday
AC	physical education
AD	Pages
approx.	Postscript
Ave.	Part
BA	Pint
	Point
B.o.T.	please turn over
B&B (B+B)	Roman Catholic
BBC	Road
BC	Religious Education
BCE	Square
BO	Street
BR	State
Bros.	Saint
BST	Tablespooful
BT	Yard
BTA	British Tourist Authority
c/o	care of
CCTV	closed-circuit television
CE	Common/Current/Christian Era
CET	Central European Time (GMT +1)
cf.	confer (latin) → compare
CIA	Central Intelligence Agency
CID	Criminal Investigation Department
CIF	Limited
CNN	Master of Arts
COD	miles per hour
C of E	Mister
CST	Central Standard Time
CV	curriculum vitae
DA	district attorney
DC	direct current
DIY	do-it-yourself
EC	European Community
e.g.	exempli gratia = for example
encl.	Enclosed
etc.	et cetera
FAQ	Frequently Asked Question
fig.	Figure
ft.	feet (= 30,48 cm)
gal.	gallon (= 3,785 l)
	gallon (= 4,564 l)
GCSE	General Certificate of Secondary Education
GMT	Greenwich Mean Time
GPS	Global Positioning System
HP	Horsepower
h&c	hot and cold
Hr	Hour
HRH	Her/His Royal Highness
Ht	Height
i.e.	id est (latin) → that is
Lb	pound (= 453,59 g)
Ltd	cost, insurance, freight
MA	Cable News Network
Mph	cash/collection on delivery
Mr	Church of England
Mrs	Missis
Ms	Miss
NBC	National Broadcasting Company
No	ante meridiem → before midday
OAP	American Broadcasting Company
OHP	Account
p.a.
p.m.	air conditioning
PE	alternating current
Pp	anna domini (latin) → in the Year of the Lord
PS	Approximately
Pt	Avenue
	Bachelor of Arts
	British Airways
Pto	Board of Trade
RC	Bed and Breakfast
Rd	British Broadcasting Corporation
RE	Before Christ
Sq.	Before the Common/Current/Christian Era
St.	body odour
	British Rail
	Brothers
tbs/tbsp	British Summer Time
Yd	British Telecom

5. 
   Whole group discussion. Find out problems of abbreviation and have a discussion.
   

Конец формы

CLIPPING
Aim: to introduce the types of clipping.

1. 
   Render on the meaning of the following words: biz, caps, celebs, deli, exam, flu, gator, hippo, hood, info, intro, lab, limo, mayo, max, perm, photo, ref, reps, rhino, sax, stats. What kind of words are they? What do you understand by the word CLIPPING, what does this notion denote? Define this notion. If clippings are the same as abbreviation, contractions and diminutives. Write the definitions in the table.
   

Clippings
Abbreviations
Contractions
Diminutives

2. 
   Text for reading and discussion.
   

In morphology, clipping is the process of forming a new word by dropping one or more syllables from a polysyllabic word, such as cellphone from cellular phone. In other words, clipping refers to part of a word that serves for the whole, such as ad and phone from advertisement and telephone, respectively. The term is also known as a clipped form, clipped word, shortening, and truncation.
A clipped form generally has the same denotative meaning as the word it comes from, but it's regarded as more colloquial and informal. Clipping also makes it easier to spell and write many words. For example, a clipped form may replace the original word in everyday usage—such as the use of piano in place of pianoforte.
According to the book, "Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction," Some of the most common products of clipping are names—Liz, Ron, Rob, and Sue, which are shortened forms of Elizabeth, Ronald, Robert, and Susan. The authors note that clipping is especially popular in the speech of students, where it has yielded forms like prof for professor, phys-ed for physical education, and poli-sci for political science.
However, many clipped forms have also been accepted in general usage: doc, ad, auto, lab, sub, porn, demo, and condo. The authors add:
"A more recent example of this sort that has become part of general English vocabulary is fax, from facsimile (meaning 'exact copy or reproduction')."
Other examples of clipped forms in English include biz, caps, celebs, deli, exam, flu, gator, hippo, hood, info, intro, lab, limo, mayo, max, perm, photo, ref, reps, rhino, sax, stats, temp, thru, tux, ump, veep, and vet.
"As noted, clipped words form through a social process, such as students preferring to use shortened forms of common terms, as noted in 'Contemporary Linguistics.' The same kind of social forces lead to the creation of clipped words in other English-speaking countries such as Britain," says David Crystal, a leading authority on language.
"There are also several clippings which retain material from more than one part of the word, such as maths (UK), gents, and specs....Several clipped forms also show adaptation, such as fries (from french fried potatoes), Betty (from Elizabeth), and Bill (from William)."
Clipped words are not abbreviations, contractions, or diminutives. True, an abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. But abbreviations often end with a period, such as Jan. for January, and are clearly understood to be stand-ins for the full term. A contraction is a word or phrase—such as that's, a form of that has—that has been shortened by dropping one or more letters. In writing, an apostrophe takes the place of the missing letters. A diminutive is a word form or suffix that indicates smallness, such as doggie for dog and Tommie for Thomas. 
Types of Clipping
There are several types of clipping, including final, initial, and complex.
Final clipping, also called apocope, is just what the term implies: clipping or cutting off the last syllable or syllables of a word to form the clipped term, such as info for information and gas for gasoline. Initial clipping, also called apheresis, is the clipping of the initial part of the beginning of the word, also called fore-clipping, according to the Journal of English Lexicology. Examples of fore-clipping include bot for robot and chute for parachute.
"Complex clipping, as the name implies, is more involved. It is the shortening of a compound word by preserving and combining its initial parts (or first syllables)," says ESL.ph, an online site for learning English as a second language. Examples include:

• 
  Sci-fi for science fiction
  
• 
  Sitcom for situation comedy
  
• 
  Grandma for grandmother
  
• 
  Perm for permanent wave
  
• 
  Shrink for head shrinker
  

As you see, clipped words are not always respectful terms. Indeed, some great literary figures vigorously opposed them, such as Jonathan Swift, who made his feelings clear in the tellingly named "A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue," first published in 1712. He saw clipping as a symptom of "barbaric" social forces that had to be tamped down:
"This perpetual Disposition to shorten our Words, by retrenching the Vowels, is nothing else but a tendency to lapse into the Barbarity of those Northern Nations from whom we are descended, and whose Languages labour all under the same Defect."
So, the next time you hear or use a clipped word, do so knowing that it is considered acceptable in English, but remember that these shortened terms have a long and somewhat controversial history.

3. 
   How many types of clipping are mentioned in the text? In the textbook of English lexicology the following types of clipping are given: aepheresis, syncope, apocope, mixed clipping. Do the two texts above give the same types and the same definition of the types of clippings. Find the difference.
   
4. 
   Think about the formation of the following clipped words: math, flu, specs, doc, sis, fridge. Discuss the types of clipping according to the formation.
   
5. 
   Matching. Match the types of clipping with the given examples:
   

aepheresis (initial clipping) lab, sis, doc, exam
syncope (middle clipping) phone, chute
apocope (final clipping) flu
mixed clipping specs, maths

6. 
   Group work.
   

1. 
   Write an essay (within 500 words) on the advantage and disadvantage of using clippings in the contemporary English.
   
2. 
   Write a critical newspaper article on how clippings can spoil the language. ( 500 words)
   
3. 
   Write a newspaper article on how the English language has linguistically changed since clipping penetrated into the different spheres of life.