Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil and gas production

partially shut off through closure of 
ventilation fire dampers. A fire area 
protection data sheet typically shows what detection exists for each fire area, 
and which fire protection action should be taken in case of an incident. 
 
The type and number of the detection, protection and fighting devices 
depends on the type of equipment and size of the fire area and will vary for 
different process areas, e.g., electrical rooms and accommodation rooms. 
 
Fire detection: 
• Gas detection:   Combustible and toxic gas, electro-catalytic or 
optical (IR) detector 
•  Flame detection:   Ultraviolet (UV) or infra red (IR) optical detectors 
•  Fire detection:  
Heat and ionic smoke detectors 
• Manual pushbuttons 
 
Firefighting, protection: 
• Gas-based firefighting, such as CO
2
 
• Foam-based firefighting 
•  Water-based firefighting: sprinklers, mist (water spray) and deluge  
•  Protection: Interface to emergency shutdown and HVAC fire dampers. 

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• Warning and escape: PA systems, beacons/lights, fire door and 
damper release 
 
A separate package related to fire and gas is the diesel- or electrically-driven 
fire water pumps for the sprinkler and deluge ring systems. 
 
For fire detection, coincidence and logic are often used to identify false 
alarms. In such schemes, several detectors in the same area are required to 
detect a fire condition or gas leakage for automatic reaction. This will include 
different detection principles, e.g., a fire, but not welding or lightning strike. 
 
Action is controlled by a fire and 
gas system (F&G). Like the ESD 
system, F&G action is specified 
in a cause and action chart 
called the Fire Area Protection 
Datasheet. This chart shows all 
detectors and fire protection 
systems in a fire area and how 
the system will operate. 
 
The F&G system often provides 
supervisory functions, either in 
the F&G or the information 
management system (IMS) to 
handle such tasks as 
maintenance, calibration or 
replacement and hot work 
permits, e.g., welding. Such 
actions may require that one or 
more fire and gas detectors or 
systems are overridden or 
bypassed. Specific work 
procedures should be enforced, 
such as a placing fire guards on duty, to make sure all devices are re-
enabled when the work permit expires or work is complete. 
8.1.4 Control and safety configuration 
Piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&ID) show the process. Additional 
information is needed for the specification of the process control and safety 
systems design and their control logic. These include: Loop diagram, 
Instrument datasheet, Cable schedule and Termination list. 

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P&ID 

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The illustration shows one typical format. This is the common format for the 
NORSOK SCD standard. (Example for the Njord Separator 1 and 2 systems 
control diagram). Essentially, the P&ID mechanical information has been 
removed, and control loops and safety interlocks drawn in with references to 
typical loops. 
8.1.5 Telemetry/SCADA 
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is normally associated 
with telemetry and wide area communications, for data gathering and control 
over large production sites, pipelines, or corporate data from multiple 
facilities. With telemetry, the bandwidth is often quite low and based on 
telephone or local radio systems. SCADA systems are often optimized for 
efficient use of the available bandwidth. Wide area communication operates 
with wideband services, such as optical fibers and broadband internet.