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1.THE LIFE AND LITERARY ACTIVITY OF HERMAN MELVILLE.
Herman Melville (born Melville; August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance period. Among his best-known works are Moby-Dick (1851); Typee (1846), a romanticized account of his experiences in Polynesia; and Billy Budd, Sailor, a posthumously published novella. Although his reputation was not high at the time of his death, the 1919 centennial of his birth was the starting point of a Melville revival, and Moby-Dick grew to be considered one of the great American novels.
Melville was born in New York City, the third child of a prosperous merchant whose death in 1832 left the family in dire financial straits. He took to sea in 1839 as a common sailor on a merchant ship and then on the whaler Acushnet, but he jumped ship in the Marquesas Islands. Typee, his first book, and its sequel, Omoo (1847), were travel-adventures based on his encounters with the peoples of the island. Their success gave him the financial security to marry Elizabeth Shaw, the daughter of the Boston jurist Lemuel Shaw. Mardi (1849), a romance-adventure and his first book not based on his own experience, was not well received. Redburn (1849) and White-Jacket (1850), both tales based on his experience as a well-born young man at sea, were given respectable reviews, but did not sell well enough to support his expanding family.
Melville's growing literary ambition showed in Moby-Dick (1851), which took nearly a year and a half to write, but it did not find an audience, and critics scorned his psychological novel Pierre: or, The Ambiguities (1852). From 1853 to 1856, Melville published short fiction in magazines, including "Benito Cereno" and "Bartleby, the Scrivener". In 1857, he traveled to England, toured the Near East, and published his last work of prose, The Confidence-Man (1857). He moved to New York in 1863, eventually taking a position as United States customs inspector.
From that point, Melville focused his creative powers on poetry. Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War (1866) was his poetic reflection on the moral questions of the American Civil War. In 1867, his eldest child Malcolm died at home from a self-inflicted gunshot. Melville's metaphysical epic Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land was published in 1876. In 1886, his other son Stanwix died of apparent tuberculosis, and Melville retired. During his last years, he privately published two volumes of poetry, and left one volume unpublished. The novella Billy Budd was left unfinished at his death, but was published posthumously in 1924. Melville died from cardiovascular disease in 1891. Moby-Dick or The Whale is a popular novel by the American novelist, Herman Melville. It was published in 1851 and gained popularity among children and adults alike. It also appeared in London in the United Kingdom at that time in three. The story revolves around the obsession of a young man, Ishmael, about the whale hunting that leads him to different oceanic regions where he meets mysterious persons and faces unfortunate accidents.
The story of the novel starts with Ishmael who wants to board a whaling ship. For this purpose, he moves to New Bedford and stays in the inn of the whalers, sharing a room with Queequeg, a harpooner. Although at first Queequeg rather seems him an odd person due to his bizarre habits, they soon develop a rapport, and Ishmael, praising his munificence, move to Nantucket with him, the main city where the whaling industry is in a boom at that time. When they visit the market for securing a ship, they find the Pequod, a mysterious ship having whaling relics displayed on its deck. Its owners, Peleg and Bildad, prove hard to deal with besides Ahab, its mysterious captain, who is recovering from his last encounter with a whale, Moby Dick. He has also lost his leg in that encounter. Soon both decide to board the Pequod on Christmas day with several other people on board. When the ship leaves the harbor, Ahab, its captain, emerges on the deck, staggering on his artificial leg.
He announces to go after Moby Dick which has broken his leg. He also declares a prize for the man who spots the whale and after that, they move toward Africa, the part of the sea teeming with the whales. Soon a group of anglers led by Fedallah, a mysterious person, emerge and become the captain’s hunting crew. Having prophetic abilities to sense the whales, Fedallah becomes Ahab’s henchman.
Following its round of the African coastal areas, the Pequod reaches the Indian ocean after having successfully hunted some whales. Getting more information about that mythical whale, they come across Gabriel, a harpooner of another ship, having prophetic abilities. He informs them about Moby Dick that whoever tries to hunt that whale cannot avoid an accident. During this time, an accident happens with an oil-draining man who falls into the sea with the head of the whale from which he is draining oil. During this fiasco, they leave Pip, the cabin boy of the ship, behind. When they bring him aboard, he seems to have gone crazy. Soon they meet another ship whose captain narrates his own accident after having tried to hook Moby Dick. Both the captains sympathize with each knowing the accident. Unfortunately, Queequeg becomes sick but recuperates after some days despite seeing the preparation of his burial.
Meanwhile, Ahab becomes expectant about encountering Moby Dick and orders the preparation of a good harpoon to hunt it. To invite religious blessings, he baptizes that harpoon with the blood of the three harpooners to make his hunt a sure kill. However, Fedallah announces the death of the captain after having seen two hearses in his dream but says that it would happen not during the voyage or encounter but on the land. Soon the Pequod meets a fierce storm in which Starbuck, a person on the ship, says that it would end with the sacrifice of Ahab.
However, when the storm ends, one of the sailors dies after falling from the mainmast, reminding the bad luck of the ship in its quest of Moby Dick. Yet, it does not pacify Ahab who becomes more fervent in his quest to find that legendary whale.
He also dreams of finding it when they reach the equator and meets two ships having met fatal accidents in their quest for the same whale. Not satisfied with these narratives, Ahab continues and finally spots the whale. It launches an attack on the harpoon boats they have launched to hunt it. Following the first attack, it attacks the main boat in which Ahab is on the hunt, causing the death of Fedallah after he is trapped with the line of one of the harpoons. However, Starbuck knows that he must save the Pequod from Moby Dick to save the life of other crew members. Not backing down, they again send boats to kill the whale, but it confronts them head-on. It attacks the ship, sending it to the bottom of the ocean. Ahab also dies after he is trapped in a line and the remaining men try their best to save themselves. Meanwhile, Ishmael survives during this hunting expedition. Another passing-by ship, The Rachel, picks him and saves his life.

Major Themes in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale