clehqonchilik
a s b o b l a r ig a ;
igna, bigiz, a n g ish v o n a va tik u v m a s h in a s in i
tikuv
a s b o b
lariga; lola, a tirg u l, b i n a f s h a , b u l d a n e j n i
gulga\
d a f t a r ,
r u c h k a , chizg*ichni
o'quv
q u ro lla rig a kiritadilar. D e m a k ,
bu misollarda konkretlashtirish operatsiyasi u m u m i y v a y a k k a
belg ilari k a m b o ‘lgan u m u m i y l i k n i o c h i s h d a n a m o y o n
b o ‘ladi. U m u m a n , k o n k r e tl a s h t i r i s h a b s t r a k s i y a l a s h n i n g
k o n t r a s t h o la ti boMib, i n s o n b ilish f a o l i y a t i d a m u h i m
a h a m i y a t kasb etadi.
Tasniflash.
In s o n n in g bilish faoliyatida m u h i m o ‘rin
t u t u v c h i fik r y u r i t i s h o p e r a t s i y a l a r i d a n b i r i t a s n i f l a s h
h is o b la n a d i. Bir t u r k u m n a r s a l a r ic h id a b i r - b i r i g a o ‘x-
sh a sh la rin i b o s h q a t u r k u m d a g i l a r i d a n farq qilish ig a q a r a b ,
n a rs a la rn i tu rk u m la rg a a jra tish tizim i tasniflash d e b a ta la d i.
B u n g a D . l . M e n d e l e y e v n i n g „ E l e m e n t l a r n i n g d a v r i y
t i z i m i “ ja d v a li ta s n ifla s h u c h u n y o r q i n n i i s o l d i r . O l i m
e l e m e n t l a r n i a t o m o g 'i r l i g i o r t i b b o r i s h i g a , k i m y o v i y
sifatlarining b ir tipdaligiga v a b o s h q a b e lgilariga
q a r a b
ta rtib bilan joy lash tirib c h iq q a n .
F a n d a n a rsa va h o d i s a l a r n i n g ta b i a t in i i f o d a l o v c h i
m u a y y a n belgini tasniflash d e b a ta s h q abul q ilin g a n . T a b i iy
tasniflashga zoologiya fanidagi h a y v o n la r tasn ifig a (s u d r a l ib
y u ru v c h ila r, s u te m iz u v c h ila r, s u v d a va q u r u q l i k d a y a s h o v -
c h i l a r , p a r r a n d a l a r , q u s h l a r ) , b o t a n i k a d a g i o ‘s i m l i k l a r
tasnifiga (b ir yillik, k o kp yillik, b u ta la r, d a r a x tl a r , o ‘t!ar,
ild iz d a n k o ‘p ayuvchilar, ig n abarglilar, tikanli o ‘sim lik la r,
d ukkaklilar, poliz o ‘simliklari v a b o sh q alar) ni keltirib o ‘tish
m u m k i n . M a b o d o tasnifga a s o s qilib o lin g a n belgi n a r s a va
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h o d i s a l a m i n g ta b ia tin i ifo d a la m a sa , b u n d a y t a s n i f s u n ’iy
t a s n i f d e b a ta la d i. I j t i m o i y h a y o t i m i z d a t a s n i f l a s h n i n g
m a z k u r t u r i d o i m o q o M la n ib t u r a d i . M a s a l a n , k u t u b -
x o n a d a g i kitoblar m a z m u n i g a , shakliga, noyobligi v a shu n g a
o ‘x s h a s h belg ilarg a q a r a b t o k c h a l a r va p e s h t o q c h a l a r g a
te rila d i. 0 ‘q u v c h ila rn in g alifbe tartibi bilan tuzilg an ro'yxati
y o k i x u s u s i y a t l a r i , j i n s i y b e l g i l a r i , u l g u r i s h l a r i v a
q iz iq ish la rin i n a z a rd a t u t ib t u rk u m la rg a ajratish h a m s u n ’iy
ta sn ifla s h g a misol b o ‘la oladi.
L e k i n t u r m u s h d a v a fan o l a m i d a o d d i y ta s n i f l a s h
h o l a t i d a n t e z - t e z f o y d a l a n i l a d i . J u m l a d a n : g u m a n i t a r
fa n la ri: falsafa, iq tisod, h u q u q , pedagogika, tarix; ijtimoiy
f a n l a r b o ‘yicha: fizika, biologiya; tabiiy fa n la r b o ‘yicha:
k i m y o , m a t e m a t ik a . X u d d i shu asosda psixologiya sohalari
h a m t a s n i f l a n a d i : i n j e n e r l i k , a v i a t s i y a , k o s m o s p s i -
x o lo g iy asi, m e h n a t psixologiyasi, p a t o p s ix o lo g iy a , o l i g o -
f r e n o p s i x o l o g i y a , s u r d o p s i x o l o g i y a , t i f l o p s i x o l o g i y a ;
m a x s u s psixologiya; b o la la r , o ‘sm irlar, o ‘s p irin la r, k a tta
y o s h d a g i l a r psixologiyasi; gerantopsixologiya: y o sh d a v r-
l a r i p s i x o l o g i y a s i ; s u d i s h i p s i x o l o g i y a s i : k r i m i n a l
p s ix o lo g iy a , p e n i te n s ia r psixologiyasi, y u ridik psixologiya
v a b o s h q a l a r . P six o lo g iy a f a n id a psixik h o l a t l a r , bilish
j a r a y o n l a r i , sh a x s n in g in d iv id u a l- tip o lo g ik xusu siy atlari
h a m t a s n ifla n a d i. A k s e ttiris h xarak teri va r e t s e p to r l a r n i n g
o ‘rn i g a q a r a b sezgilar u c h g u ru h g a b o ‘linadi: ek stero tse p tiv
s e z g il a r , i n t e r o t s e p t i v s e z g ila r, p ro p r io t s e p t i v sezgilar.
T a ’lim tizim id a m u r a k k a b bilim larni q u lay ro q y o l bilan
o ‘z la sh tiris h u c h u n t a s n i f o p eratsiya sidan ken g k o ‘l a m d a
fo y d a la n ila d i. M a s a la n , o t , sifat, fe’l, so n — s o ‘z t u r k u m -
l a r i ; i b t i d o i y j a m o a , q u l d o r l i k , f e o d a l i z m , k a p i t a l i z m
i j ti m o i y fo rm a tsiy a la r, p ro z a , poeziya, d r a m a , k o m ed iy a,
t r a g e d i y a — a d a b iy j a n r l a r ; b riz, m u s s o n , p a s sa t — s h a -
m o l l a r va bosh q alar.
S h u n d a y qilib, t a s n i f biz teksh irad ig a n o b y e k tla rn in g
m u a y y a n ta rtib in i t o p i s h d a , o ‘rg a n ish im iz d a z a r u r b o ‘lgan
n a r s a v a h o d is a la rn i y a x lit h o l d a t e k s h iris h im iz d a , o ‘z-
276
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l a s h t i r m o q c h i b o l g a n m a t e r i a l l a r n i p u x t a e s d a q o l d i -
rish im iz d a m u h i m o ‘rin tutadi.
S i s t e m a la s h ti r is h . F ikr oby ek tiv h i s o b l a n g a n narsa va
h o d i s a l a r n i z a m o n ( v a q t) , m a k o n ( f a z o ) v a m a n t i q i y
j i h a t d a n m a ’l u m t a r t i b d a j o y l a s h t i r i s h d a n i b o r a t f ik r
y u r i t i s h o p e r a t s i y a s i d i r . U b i l i m l a r n i o ‘z l a s h t i r i s h d a ,
k o ‘n ikm a va m alak a la m i tartibga solishda m u h i m o ‘rin tutadi.
O d a td a , siste m alash tirish o p eratsiya si y o r d a m i d a narsa va
h o d isalar, fa k tla r, fikrlar va o b y e k t l a r m a k o n d a , v a q td a
egallagan o ‘rn ig a q a r a b m a n tiq iy j o y la s h tir ila d i.
S h u n i n g u c h u n t i z i m g a s o lish m a k o n v a fa z o v iy ,
x ro n o io g ik ta r t ib bilan m a n tiq iy b elg isig a a s o s a n u c h turga
ajratiladi. K o ‘c h a tl a r n i n g b o g ‘ga o lib c h i q i b o ‘tqizilishi, s i n f
x onasidagi m e b e lla r n in g b ir tekis jo y la s h t ir il i s h i m a k o n i y
tizim u c h u n m is o l b o l a oladi. T a r ix iy v o q e a la r n i n g x r o
noiogik ta r ti b d a joylashtirilishi, k u t u b x o n a d a g i k ito bla rning
xrono io g ik j i h a t d a n terib q o ‘yilishini v o q e a la r n i z a m o n g a
q a r a b t i z i m g a s o lish n in g n a m u n a s i d e b a t a s h m u m k i n .
M a te m a tik a , falsafa, psixologiya va m a n t i q q a d o i r asarlarda
ilmiy m a q o l a l a r n in g (ya 'ni p u n k t , p a r a g r a f n a z a rd a tutil-
m o q d a ) joy lash u v i m antiqiy tizim ga s o lish n in g nam unasidir.
O 'q u v t a ’lim id a o'zlashtirilgan b i l im l a r n i tiz im g a solish
m u h i m a h a m i y a tg a ega b o ‘lib, b u ish b i r n e c h a b o s q ic h d a
a m a lg a o sh irila d i. B ilim lar d a s tla b p r e d m e t n i n g boblari,
qism lari b o ‘y i c h a , s o ‘ng yaxlit h o l d a o ‘q u v c h i o n g id a ti-
zim lashtiriladi. T izim la sh tiris h n in g i k k i n c h i b o s q ic h id a bir-
biriga o ‘x sh ash p re d m e tla rg a oid b i l i m l a r fikran tartibga
solinadi. U c h in c h i bosqichda bir n e c h a p re d m e t la r y u z a s id a n
t o ‘p l a n g a n b i l i m l a r m a ’l u m t a r t i b g a t u s h a d i , u l a r n i n g
o 'x s h a sh va farqli t o m o n la ri ajra tilad i. T i z i m g a s o lishning
t o ‘rtinchi b o s q i c h i d a d a r sd a n va o ‘q i s h d a n ta sh q a r i m a s h -
g 'u lo tl a r d a e g a ll a n g a n b ilim la r n i t i z i m l a s h t i r i s h n a z a r d a
tutiladi.
0 ‘q itu v c h i d a r s d a o ‘tilgan m a v z u l a r n i o ‘q u v c h ila r d a n
s o ‘rash, u l a r n i n g t o ‘g arak is h la r i d a , o l i m p i a d a va k o n -
kurslarda q a t n a s h u v i n i kuzatish, d e v o r i y g a z e ta g a y o zg a n
277
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m a q o la la r in i ta h lil qilish, ijodiy va y o z rn a ishlarni tekshirish
o rq a li u l a r d a g i b i l im l a r n in g q a n d a y tiz im l a s h a y o t g a n i n i
a n iq la b olish i m u m k in .
D e m a k , i n s o n n i n g bilish fa o liy a tid a „ m a v z u l a r a r o “ ,
„ p r e d m e t l a r a r o “ b ilim larni tizim la sh tirish yuza ga keladi.
B i n o b a r i n , b i l i m l a r n i n g tiz im g a s o l in is h i a q liy rivojla-
n is h n in g d a s t l a b k i p o g ‘o nasi h iso b lan ad i.
T a fa k k u r sh a k lla ri
P s ix o lo g iy a d a n u t q fikr ynritish faoliy a tin in g vositasi
d e b y u ritila d i. O d a t d a , n u tq ta fa k k u r j a r a y o n id a h u k m lar,
xulosa c h i q a r i s h v a t u s h u n c h a l a r sh a k lid a ifodaiab kelinadi.
S h u n in g u c h u n h u k m , xulosa c h i q a r is h va t u s h u n c h a l a r
ta fa k k u rn in g o ‘z ig a xos shakllari d e b ataladi.
Hukmlar
N a rsa v a h o d isa la rd a , voqelikda h a q iq a ta n o ‘zaro b o g l i q
b o ‘lgan b e lg ila r , a lo m a t l a r , h u k m l a r d a b o g ‘liq ravishda
k o ‘rsatib b e rilsa y oki voqelikda b i r - b i r i d a n ajratilgan narsa
( t o m o n ) h u k m l a r d a ajra tib k o ‘rsa tilsa — b u c h i n h u k m
d e b a tala d i. M a s a l a n , „ M e ta lla r — e l e k t r tokini o ‘tkazuv-
c h i d i r “ , „ M e t a l l a r q iz d irilgandan k e n g a y a d i “ , degan chin
h u k m la rd ir. C h u n k i ele k tr tokini o 't k a z i s h , qizdirilganda
278
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ken g a y ish m e t a ll a r g a xos x u s u s iy a tla rd ir, b u h u k m d a u
yoki bu h o la t fa qat tasd iq lan ib aytilayotir.
N a r s a v a h o d is a la rn in g belgi v a x u s u siy a tla ri h aq id a
tasdiqlab yoki i n k o r qilib aytilgan fikr
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