5
│
Cross-cutting issues
43
While a large share of the securitisation involves the issue of medium-term and longer-term
maturity securities, securitisation through commercial paper accounts for a significant share of the
total securitisation (see discussion below). Obviously, both types of securitisation face a
funding risk
but the latter is particularly pronounced in the case of commercial paper securitisation as was shown
during the financial crisis (Covitz et al. (2009), Gorton and Metrick (2010)).
5.1.2
Risks
As noted in a recent BIS report “
Securitisation transforms credit risk into market risk by pooling loans
and issuing tradable claims against the pool. It is a risk management and funding tool that relies on
the liquidity of primary markets for placing asset-backed securities
.” (Basel Committee on Banking
Supervision, 2009). If
properly priced, the credit and market risks are transferred from the originator
of the loans to the acquirers of securities issued by special purpose vehicle, subject to any explicit or
implicit guarantee provided by the originator or aggregator.
During the financial crisis, some originating banks felt that, for
reputational reasons, they had to de
facto guarantee the securities issued by special purpose vehicles they had set up even so at the time
of the issue of securities of the special purpose vehicle (SPV) no guarantee had been provided.
A key issue for securitisation that the financial
crisis highlighted, besides the mispricing of risk,
understanding of the risk by some investors in such asset-based securities, and opacity of some of
the
asset based securities is that, in certain circumstances, “
incentive problems at various stages of
the securitisation process can lead to severe mis-pricing and distorted investments. For example, if
the incentives of originators are not sufficiently aligned with those of the holders of risk then banks’
intermediation function, including screening and monitoring of borrowers, can be severely impaired
”
(Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 2009).
Securitisation creates a potential misalignment of incentives faced by the originators and the
purchasers of the securities issued by the SPV in which the assets are pooled as the originators shift
the credit and market risk to the SPV and its investors. Thus, unless the originators retain a tranche
of the securitised assets or take on their books subordinated tranches of the
securities issued by the
SPV, the originators do not have very strong incentives to a) undertake proper due diligence to
assess the true risk of the securities being offered for securitisation and monitor the performance of
the underlying assets during their life. In principle, credit rating agencies can overcome this agency
failure but in practice they failed to do so in a number of cases.
Thus, in addition to the obvious credit and market risk faced by investors in securities issued by
SPVs, they also face a major agency risk which can be mitigated by adopting risk-sharing mechanisms
with the originator, as was the case in much of securitisation that took place before the few years of
exuberance preceding the financial crisis.
To a large extent, the true causes of the sub-prime crisis were massive agency failures in the
mortgage generation and securitisation value chain. In the absence of these agency failures, the
credit and market risks would not have been underestimated by the buyers of SPV securities to the
same extent that they actually were.
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