NocTOfiHHbix tbopnecKnx

A3blKa».
riMcaTe/iM caMbix pa3/iMHHbix snox i/i HaukiOHa/ibHOCTeM flejqTe/ibHO M3yHa/in co6paHHbie yneHbiMM naivmTHMKi/i HapoflHoro TBopnecTBa i/i He pa3 caivm o6pama/incb k caMOCTO^Te/ibHOMy co6npaHmo ct)o/ibK/iopa. nyniKMH MHTepecoBa/icfl He to/ibko pyccKMMM m 3anaflHoeBponeMCKmvm CKa3KaMM, cio>KeTbi K0T0pbix oh o6pa6aTbiBa/i. BMecTe c stmm nyniKi/ih 3anncbiBa/i, bo Bpeivm k)>khom ccbi/iKM, necHM 6eccapa6cKi/ix ubirah, a bo Bpeivm npe6biBaHi/m b MuxaM/iobckom — pyccKne HapoflHbie necHM.
roro/ib, He co6npaBLUi/m cneuna/ibHO
CjDO/lbK/lOpHblX npOM3BefleHMM, MCn0/lb30Ba/l Bee,
hto nonafla/io b ero pyKi/i nepe3 Apy3eM i/i 3H3KOMbix. Ko/ibljob co6npa/i b BopoHe>Ke
HapoflHbie necm/i, 3anncbiBa/i 6biTOBaBLune b KpeCTbflHCKOM m MeiljaHCKOM Cpefle n0C/10BMI4bl. Jl. To/ictom cyb/ieneHMeM nepenMTbiBa/i, HanpMMep, c6ophmk pyccKMX noc/iOBML4 CHerkipeBa m co BHMMam/ieM npMC/iywMBa/icfl k pa3H006pa3H0My penepTyapy HapoflHoro TBopnecTBa. Ero MHTepeCOBa/l He TO/lbKO pyCCKMM CjDO/lbK/lOp — b AHeBHMKax, KOTopbie Be/i To/ictom Ha KaBKa3e, Mbi BCTpeTMM neneHCKyio necHio. Octpobckmm, M3yHaBLUMM c6ophmkm pyccKMX neceH LUeMHa m KnpeeBCKoro, BMecTe c TeM o6ma/icfl c mockobckmm KpyroM «6e3BecTHbix noflMacTepbeB» pyCCKOM necHM, OnblTOM KOTOpblX OH HeOflHOKpaTHO no/1 b30Ba/1 Cfl. l/l He TO/lbKO
mockobckmm: TaK, HanpMMep, motmb necHM «E>aK> 6310, mom BHyHOHOHeK» (b nbece «BoeBoaa») 6bi/i noflc/iyLuaH apaMaTyproM b Koctpomckom ry6epHMM. K0p0/ieHK0 3aH0CM/i b 3anMCHyK) KHM>KKy necHM npMMCKaTe/ieM Cm6mpm. JlecKOB >KaflHO co6Mpa/i BceB03M0>KHbie npeflaHM^, aHeKflOTbi, pe/iMrM03Hbie ziereHflbi, ayxoBHbie CTMXM, HapOflHbie n0C/10BML4bl m nOrOBOpKM. 3tom yB/ieKaTe/ibHOM pa60T0M 3aHMMa/iMCb m Te nMcaTe/iM, KOTOpblX MHTepecoBa/ia no npeMMymecTBy >KM3Hb ropofla, ero
MHTe/i/inreHTCKMx m MemaHCKnx c/ioeB. Co3flaBaa «BpaTbeB KapaMa30Bbix», flocToeBCKi/m 3annca/i 6bitobabluyk) b Hapofle ziereHfly o ziyKOBKe: «3Ta AparoueHHOCTb 3ani/icaHa mhok) co cjiob oahom KpecTbjqHKM m, y>k KOHeHHO, 3armcaHa b nepBblM pa3». I1oao6ho npoc|Decci/iOHajibHOiviy cjDO/ibk/iopucTy, flocToeBCKMM xapaKTepi/i30Ba/i cpefly, b KOTopoM «6biT0Ba/i0» sto npon3beflehne: «llecHfl, nponeTaa xopoM (bo Bpeivm KyTewa fliviMTpi/m KapaMa30Ba b Mokpom. — A. 14.), 3anncaHa mhoio c HaTypbi 1/1 ecTb fleMCTBMTe/ibHO o6pa3HMK HOBeMLuero KpecTbflHCKoro TBopnecTBa». I/I/im b flpyroM MecTe: «CoHi/iHfl/iacb OHa (necHjq. — A. 14.) y KynenecKnx npi/iKa3Hi/iKOB... m nepeuj/ia k jiaKeflM, hi/iKeM HMKorfla 1/13 co6npaTe/ieM He 3armcaHa 1/1 y MeHfl b nepBbm pa3 flBJlfleTCfl».
MeTOflbi co6i/ipaHi/m rmcaTe/mivm pea/ii/m c|DO/ibK/iopa MHoroo6pa3Hbi: k hum npnHafl/ie>KaT 1/1 He/jo/iraa 6ecefla rmcaTe/ifl c CBoeo6pa3HbiM ne/iOBeKOM 1/13 Hapofla 1/1 n/iaHOMepHO npoBOflmvibie nyTewecTBi/m rmcaTe/ifl b myxi/ie yr/ibi CBoew CTpaHbi. 06pa3L4OM nepBoro MoryT c/iy>KMTb cucTeiviaTMHecKMe 6eceflbi To/iCToro co BC^Koro pofla CTpaHHMKaMi/i 1/1 6oroiviojibi4aivm,
KOTOpblX oh BCTpena/i bo BpeMfl npory/iOK no Ty/ibCKOMy rnocce; 06pa3L40M BToporo — noe3flKa riyLUKMHa b 3aBO/i>Kbe c ue/ibio co6MpaHMfl MaTepMa/iob o riyraneBe, b tom HMC/ie m HapoflHbix B0cn0MMHaHMM o HeM. B TBopnecKOM pa6oTe HeKpacoBa 06a stm cnoco6a o6meHMfl c hapoflom opraHMnecKM coneTa/imcb b 0flH0 ue/ioe. Mho>kgctbo j^B/ieHMM mmpobom /lMTepaTypbi
CBfl3aHO C B3paCTMBLiJeM MX nOHBOM HapoflHoro TBopnecTBa. «Bo>KecTBeHHafl KOMefln^», kohchho, 6bi/ia 6bi mhom, ec/iM 6bi He cymecTBOBa/io xoporno M3BecTHbix flaHTe cpeflHeBeKOBbix ziereHfl, «BMfleHMM». «fl0H-KMX0T» LUMpoKO Bo6pa/i b ce6a pa3H006pa3Hbie 3/ieMeHTbi MenaHeKoro ojibKJiopa m, no>Ka/iyM, 6o/iee Bcero MenaHeKMx
n0C/10BML4 m nOrOBOpOK, CTO/lb LUMpOKO BOLUeflLUMX b penb CaHHO naHCbi. flyx «CTapoM Bece/iOM Ahtjimm» 3ByHMT b MHoroHMC/ieHHbix necHflx KOMeflMM UleKcnMpa, b A3biKe ero «LuyTOB» m np. CTapoc|DpaHL4y3CKMe BcnOMHMM T3K>Ke 0 MOTyHMX TOKaX LiJOT/iaHflCKOrO c|DO/ibK/iopa b poMaHax Ba/ibTepa CKOTTa, o B03fleMCTBMM HapOflHOM 6a/l/iaflbl Ha TBOpneCTBO
HeMeuKMx poMaHTMKQB (HanpMMep, Bhoprepa), o
TecHOM coflpywecTBe BepaH>Ke c rpynnoM neBijOB l/lho/ibCKOM peBO/iK)i4MM. Toro/ib He Hani/ica/i 6bi «BenepoB na xyTope», He 6yflb y nero nofl pyKOM MaTepna/iOB yKpanHCKoro cf)o/ibK/iopa — BCeB03M0>KHblX 6blTOBblX o6bmaeB, noBepMM, «Ka3aHbnx» neceH, o npucbi/iKe K0T0pbix oh TaK ycepflHO npocn/i poflHbix m 3HaKOMbix. TBopnecTBO UleBHeHKO 6bi/io B3pameHO tom >Ke iijioaohochom n0HB0M HaunoHa/ibHoro c()o/ibK/iopa: nosT caflMTCfl nMCaTb «oko/lflOBaHHblM yKpaMHCKMMM flyMaMM, HaCTpoeHHbIM Ha MX 3ayHblBHblM TOH». B TBopnecTBe HeKpacoBa c HaM6o/ibLueM y Hac xyfl0>KecTBeHH0M no/iHOTOM OTpa3M/iacb ycTHaa no33Mfi Hapofla. llMcaTe/ib flo/i>KeH BbiynMTbca HMTaTb, He 3a6blBafl npM 3T0M pea/lbHOM >km3hm co BceMM ee npoTMBopenMAMM. Bot noneiviy HeAOCTaTOHeH coBeT 0/io6epa: «HMTaMTe yr/iy6/ieHHO MacTepoB He 3a6aBbi pa^M, a HTo6bi npOHMKHyTbCfl mmm...» KaK 6bl hm 6bl/10 Ba>kho Hac/ieflMe «MacTepoB», oho he aojdkho 3ac/iOHflTb OT rmcaTe/ieM >KMBOM fleMCTBMTe/lbHOCTM. «3pyflML4Mjq em,e He ecTb Mbic/ib», — cnpaBefl/iMBO yKa3biBa/i SKKepiviaHy TeTe. npom3beflehm^ xyfl0>kectbehh0m /lMTepaTypbi Hy>kho HMTaTb TaK, HTo6bi 3to noMora/io
BcecTopoHHeMy bpactahmo ni/icaTe/ifl b >KM3Hb, tbopneckomy ynacTmo b Hen.
ripOTMBOpeHMe Me>Kfly KHMrOM M >KM3HbK) He HOCMT a6cojiK)THoro xapaKTepa, ec/ii/i TO/ibKO penb i/ifleT
He O Jl>KMBOM KHMTe, 3J10CTH0 M3BpaU4aK)LI4eM fleMCTBMTe/lbHOCTb. C/ieflyeT llOMHMTb, HTO KHMra «TaKoe >Ke ab/ieHi/ie >km3hm, KaK ne/iOBeK, OHa — TO>Ke KMBOM, rOBOp^LMMM, M OHa He MeHee «BeLUb», neM Bee flpyme Beu\\A, co3flaBaeMbie He/iOBeKOM» (r~opbKi/m). 3ro pea/incTMHecKoe 1/1 r/iy60K0 >KM3HeHHoe OTHOLueHMe k KHi/ire 3aHMMaeT Ba>KHoe MecTO b tbopneckom n0flr0T0BKe. HepHbiLueBCKMM HeflapoM npn3biBa/i cbma CMOTpeTb «Ha KHMry, KaK Ha x/ie6 TBoen flyLun». b >km3hm ropbKoro KHi/ira cbirpa/ia «po/ib MaTepn».
rnaBa2. 0co6eHHOCTM ct>ojibKJiopHbix 06pa30B b poMaHe "Esrenm OHerm-f.
a. c. nyniKMH CTa/i nepBbiM iiostom xix BeKa, KOTOpblM LLIMpOKO nOKa3a/l Bee 60raTCTB0 M KpacoTy pyccKOM HapoflHon Ky/ibTypbi. necHM 1/1 noroBopKM, npeaaHi/m 1/1 3araflKM - Bee Hac/ieflkie pyccKoro Hapo^a BK/ihona/iocb iiostom b
npOM3BefleHMf1. ot 3t0i~0 CTMXOTBOpeHl/m M
nOBeCTM HeTepflJIM CBOeM B03BblLUeHH0CTM m yTOHHeHHOCTM, HanpoTMB, ohm MHoroe npMo6peTa/im ot TaKoro b/imahma. Bo mhotmx CBOMX npoM3BefleHMflx nosT nacTO o6pamaeTca K
CjDO/lbK/lOpHbIM TpaflML4Mf1M, 3KTMBH0 MCnO/lb3yeT mx b «Pyc/iaHe m jlioflmm/ie)), «KanMTaHCKOM flOHKe», «EBreHMM OHerMHe». llMcaTe/ifl MHTepecyKDT He TO/ibKO pyccKMe HapoflHbie TpaflMI4MM m o6bmaM, ho T3K>Ke m 4>0JlbKJ10pHbie TpaflMUMM flpyrMx HapoflOB — yKpaMHCKoro, rpy3MHCKoro, nepKeccKoro. TeMa 4>o/ibK/iopa,
HapOflHblX TpaflMUMM m MOTMBOB b TBOpHeCTBe nylukmha MHTepecHa m aKTya/ibHa, TaK KaK aBTopcKoe m HapoflHoe Hana/io b npoM3BeaeHMflx nMcaTe/m opraHMnecKM c/imbakrrcfl b e^MHoe ue/ioe, npM stom m aBTopcKoe m 4>o/ibK/iopHoe Hana/io no/iynaKDT H0B0e BMfleHMe, 3BynaHMe, ocMbic/ieHMe. MHorMe npoM3BeaeHMfl nyniKMHa, b TOM HMC/ie Te, KOTOpbie OCHOBblBa/lMCb Ha HapOflHblX CK)>KeTaX, MOTMBaX, CaMM 4)0/1 bK/10pM3Mp0Ba/lMCb M nO/iyna/lM LUMpOKOe pacnpocrrpaHeHMe cpe^M npocToro Hapo^a. HeK0T0pbie ero npoM3BefleHMfl 0CH0BbiBaK)TCfl Ha CKa3aHMfix m ziereHflax pyccKoro Hapo^a. B TeKCTax nyiiiKMHCKMx CKa30K: o 30/10T0M pbi6Ke, o none m ero pa6oTHMKe 6a/ifle, o uape Ca/iTaHe, — MHoroe b3ato M3 pyccKoro HapoflHoro TBopnecTBa. fla sto m Hec/iynaMHO — haha nosTa Api/ma PoflMOHOBHa c/iaBM/iacb KaK CKa3MTe/ibhml4a m Myapafl, 3HaiOLua^ >KeHLUMHa. B flpyn/ix npoM3BeaeHMflx, TaKMx KaK «noBecTM BejiKMHa», «KannTaHCKaa flOHKa» CjDO/lbK/lOpHbie MOTMBbl CKpblTbl, HanpjqMyio mx BbiH/iem/iTb He/ib3fl. OflHaKO bo MHoroM ohm yraflbiBaiOTCfi. B HacmocTM, 3nnrpac|)bi k ka>KflOM m3 r/iaB «KanMTaHCKOM flOHKM» — pyccKi/ie HapoflHbie noc/iOBMLibi, a Ka>Kflajq i/i3 «nobectem Be/iKMHa» MMeeT b CBoeM 0CH0Be ziereHfly mjim npeaaHMe, K0T0pbie paccKa3biBaK)t flo/irnmm 3MMHMMM Benepaivm b KpecTbflHCKi/ix M36ax. fla m caMO onMcaHMe 6biTa KpecTbfiH — 6e3 rpy6ocTM, 6e3 TonopHbix Bbipa>KeHMM— CTaHOBMTCfl flpKMM m 3pMMblM 3a cneT nocTOfiHHoro Mcn0/ib30BaHMfl xyfl0>KHMK0M mx JieKCMKOHa. 1/lHTepecHbiM b stom n/iaHe CTaHOBMTCfl CTMXOTBOpeHMe «Ka3aK», b KOTOpOM MHoroe b3ato nyiiiKMHbiM m3 pyccKoro m yKpaMHCKoro ct)o/ibK/iopa. OflHaKO BCKope «Ka3aK» BHOBb BepHy/ica b /lOHO HapoflHOM no33MM — ero nepecTa/iM CHMTaTb aBTopcKMM npoM3BefleHMeM. He b 3T0M JIM MaCTepCTBO riyLUKMHa- 4)0/1 bK/iopucTa? Beflb He KawflOMy aaeTCfl yMeHne HaCTOJlbKO TOHHO M306pa>KaTb HapOflHbie MOTMBbl m TpaflML4MM, HTO m CaM HapOfl BnOCJieflCTBMM npuHMMaeT npon3BefleHne 3a ycTHoe HapoflHoe TBopnecTBO, co3flaHHoe mm caMMM >Ke. He CTa/i MCK/iKDHeHneM m poMaH «EBreHmm OHerMH».
2.1. MOTMB K3K yCTOMHMBbIM Cf)OpMa/lbHO- coflepwaTejibHbm K0Mn0HeHT TiMTepaTypHoro TeKCTa b poMaHe " Esrenm OHerMH ".
HapoflHafl Ky/ibTypa 6/iM>Ke Bcero TaTbflHe JlapMHOM. Ma/ieHbKOM fleBOHKOM TaTb^Ha n\o6v\na c/iyujaTb «CTpaLUHbie paccKa3bi» CBoeM hahm, KOTopaa CTa/ia f\nn Hee poflHbiM ne/iOBeKOM. ri03T0My c 06pa30M repoMHM CBA3aH0 onMcaHMe raflaHMM, npMMeT, o6bmaeB. «TaTbflHa BepM/ia npeaaHbflM np0CT0Hap0flH0M CTapMHbl, m CHaM, m KapTOHHbIM raflaHbflM m npe£CKa3aHMflM JlyHbi», — paccKa3biBaeT npo Hee A. C. nyLUKMH.
OHa BepM/ia HapoflHbiM npMMeTaM, npeflnyBCTBM^M. HaBepHoe, n03t0my ev\ chmtch hanommhakdlumm cka3ky coh. B hem meflbeflb, noxo>kmm Ha ne/iOBeKa, nyaobmma «b porax c
C06aHbeM MOpflOM», «BeflbMa C K03beM r0/10b0m», «Kap/ia c xboctmkom». y>KacHbie cymecTBa 6yflT0
flbl/IJIMCb m3 bo/lLiJe6HOrO ml/ipa. M npOMCXOflMT 3t0
nyflo bo Bpeivm raflaHbfl, Kor^a nofl noayLUKOM M0/i0fl0M fleByLUKM «fleBMHbe 3epKa/io /ie>ki/it». Ha CTpaHMuax, nocBflmeHHbix ormcaHMK) 6biTa noMecTHoro flBop^HCTBa, Mbi TO>Ke BCTpenaeMC^ c 0JlbKJ10pHblMl/l MOTMBaMM. Bo BpeMfl xpMCTi/iaHCKi/ix npa3flHMKOB noMemi/iKi/i BMecTe c flBOpOBbIMM JlhOflbMM C/ieflyiOT HapOflHbIM
TpaflMUM^M: «HacTa/in cbatkm. To-to pafloCTb! raflaeT BeTpeHaa m/iaflocTb..TaflaeT CTapocTb CKB03b OHKM...». «l1pi/IBblHKl/l mm/IOM CTapMHbl» 6epe>KHO xpaHM/iMCb b ceMbe, nepeaaBa/iMCb c/ieflyiomMM noKO/ieHMAM. A. C. nyniKi/ih c yMM/ieHMeM BcnoMi/maeT b poMaHe HapoflHbie npa3flHMKM. Ha Mac/iem/me npMHATO 6bi/io nenb «pyccKi/ie 6/iMHbi»_J «no o6bNaio Hapo^a o po>KflecTBe» HaBemaTb poflHbix, co6/iK)flaTb nOCTbl. OOJlbK/lOpHbie MOTMBbl 3aHMMaK)t He6o/ibLuoe MecTO b poMaHe «ebrehmm OHerMH». Ho 6/iaroflapfl y^anhbim BKpan/iem/i^m fleTa/iew ormcam/m HapoflHoro 6biTa, necHM flBopoBbix AeByweK npoM3BefleHMe Hano/iHaeTCfl MCKOHHO pyccKMM flyxoM. Ohm noMorai-OT HMTaTe/iflM JiyHLue npeflCTaBMTb snoxy, fle/iaiOT poMaH
«3HL4MK/ioneflneM pyccKOM >km3hm». Ha hto AeBywKa OTKa3biBaeTCH, nofl npefl/ioroM 3anpeTa MaTepn. Ho Ka3aK HacTOMHi/iB m KpacuB, a cepflue AeBMHbe TaK TpeneTHO i/i HenocTOAHHO, TaK hto: Hto >Ke fleBMua? - c/iynn/iocb,
Hto npeflBMflMT bchk.
fleBa po6ko comacmiacb,
CnacT/imb CTa/i Ko3aK.
Ha KOi-m nocneLUHO ce/ii/i,
flpy>KKy flpyr jik)6mji...
OMHa/i CTuxoTBopeHMfi npeflCKa3yeivi — nepe3 KopoTKoe Bpeivm Mo/iofleu 6pocmi fleBywKy, noBCTpenaB apyryi-o, 6o/iee KpacuByK). Ka3a/iocb 6bi, npocToe, HuneM He npuMenaTe/ibHoe CTMXOTBOpeHMe nosTa, ho KaK xopoujo oho M/IJlhOCTpupyeT 6/lM30CTb MaCTepCTBa riyLUKMHa K HapoflHOMy TBopnecTBy. Beflb He TO/ibKO CK)>KeT, ho M Bbipa>KeHl/m, MCn0/lb30BaHHbie aBTOpOM b necHe, B3HTbi 1/13 ycTHoro HapoflHoro TBopnecTBa. KoxaHQHKa (no-yKpanHCKM — JiK)6mviafl, ivm/iaa), fleBMua, MO/iOAeu, >KynaH — sti/i c/iOBa peflKO Mcno/ib3yK)TCH b cobpemehhom peni/i, name c/ibiLUMM Mbi mx M3 neceH i/i CKa30K, noroBopoK l/l 3araflOK. B fla/ibHeMLueM cf>ojibi eu\e i/i3nmHee coneTaTbCfl c coBpeivieHHbiMM nosTy npi/ieiviaMi/i CTMxoc/io>KeHi/mMi/i — TeKCTbi 6yflyT 6o/iee OpraHl/NHblMl/l M JiaKOHMHHblMM. M HeaapoM Hepe3 MHoro /ieT nyLUKMH CTaHeT He npocTO oahi/im i/i3 Beflyiunx n03T0B Pocci/ii/i XVIII BeKa, a Co/iHueM pyCCKOM n033MM, npo6yflMBLUMM MHTepeC k Ky/ibType pyccKoro Hapo^a He TO/ibKO y c00TeHecTBeHHMK0B, ho i/i y 3apy6e>KHbix nncaTe/ieM. npoi/i3BefleHi/m nywKi/iHa He/ib3fl pacH/ieHMTb Ha cocTaB/iHhomne: sto — aBTopcKoe, a sto — HapoflHoe. OpraHi/NecKi/i coneTaa co6cTBeHHoe MacTepcTBO c 6oraTeMLui/iM Hac/ieflneM npeflKOB, nosT co3flaBa/i reHi/ia/ibHbie npon3BefleHMH, K0T0pbie noHMMa/in Bee coc/iOBi/m — i/i npocBemeHHoe 06pa30BaHH0e ABOPAHCTBO, i/i
pa3HOHMHI4bl, M KpeCTbflHe. fl/lH Kawfloro HaxoflM/iocb to, hto Mor/io npoHi/iKHyTb b cepflue, AaTb ni/imy fl/in yMa i/ijii/i npocTO nopaflOBaTb i/i yTemi/iTb b TpyflHyio Mi/iHyTy. MOTMB KaK yCTOMHMBbm C|DOpMa/lbHO- coflepwaTe/ibi-ibm KOMriOHeHT /lMTepaTypHoro TeKCTa, flaBHO npi/ib/ieKaeT BHi/iMam/ie /lMTepaTypoBeflOB m kpmtmkob. Me/ibnaMLUMM, Hefle/iMMbiM 3/ieMeHT cio>KeTa OTMeneH pOflCTBeHHOM 6/lM30CTbK) TeMe m Mflee npoM3BefleHi/m. Oh KaK CMbic/iOBOM 3/ieMeHT MrpaeT Ba>KHyio po/ib ajia noHMMaHMfl aBTopcKoii KOHuenuMM, 06/iaflaeT noBbiweHHOM
3HaHMMOCTbK). HeKOTOpbie MOTMBbl MMeLOT CBOKD flaBHIOK) MCTOpMK), BeflyT Hana/10 m3 mmc|D0J10rMM, c|D0/lbK/10pa ( MOTMB CMepTM, XO/lOfla m flp.). B pyccKOM k/iaccMnecKOM /lMTepaType 3T0My K0Mn0HeHTy npoM3BeaeHMfl yae/ifljiocb orpoMHoe BHMMaHMe. TBopnecTBO A.C. riyLUKMHa nopa>KaeT 60raTCTB0M MCn0Jlb30BaHMfl pa3/lMHHblX CMMBOJIMHeCKMX MOTMBOB, KOTOpbie OH BK/lLOHaeT b
caMbie pa3Hbie no TeMaTMKe npoM3BeaeHMfl. 3tm MOTMBbl (cHa, xo/ioaa, floporM, flOMa, 6/iyflHoro cbma, Ays/iM, yracaiomero MMpa m flp.)
npMo6peTaK)T He0>KMflaHH0 HOBbie CMMBO/lMHeCKMe 3HaHeHMfl, OTJlMHaLOTCfl my6MHOM nyillKMHCKOrO BMfleHMfl MMpa, HOBaTOpCTBOM ero B006pa>KeHMJT TaK, HanpMMep, MMeLOLUMM flaBHKDK) TpaflMUMK) motmb flopom y riyLUKMHa no/iynaeT HOByHO MHTepnpeTauMK).
2.2. Xyflo>KecTBeHHbie 0C06eHH0CTM poMaHa
«EBreHMM OHerMH» CBfl3aHHblM C Mfle0/10rneM pOMaHTM3Ma m TpaflMUMOHHbiMM fl/ia 3Toro JiMTepaTypHoro hanpab/iehmfi temamm m3mahhmhectba m flo6poBC>JibHoro 6ercTBa, motmb flopom b
TBOpneCTBe riyLUKMHa TeCHO CBfl3aH C MOTMBOM BeTpa, MOTMBOM 6ypM, rp03bl, CMMBOJiaMM CBo6oflbi. B poMaHe « EBreHMM OHerMH» aBTop OTXOflMT OT pOMaHTMHeCKOM pa3pa60TKM MOTMBa floporM. OrmcbiBafl nyTewecTBMfl EBreHMfl, llyLUKMH noflnepKMBaeT KOHTpacT Me>Kfly repoMnecKMM npOLU/lblM m HaCTOflLUMM, MCnOJlb3yfl anMTeTbl «noflfle/ibHbie»_J «6paKOBaHHbie», coneTaHMfl «npoLU/ioroflHeM MOflbi», «ropcTb yc/iy>K/iMBbix rocTeM». llyTeLuecTBMe no/iynaeT H0B0e 3HaneHMe. C motmbom flopom CBA3aHO m nyTeLuecTBMe ceMbM
JlapMHblX m3 flepeBHM b MOCKBy.. Me/lbKaLOT MMMO 6yflKM, 6a6bl, Ma/lbHMLUKM, JiaBKM, Cf)OHapM. flBopubi, caflbi, MOHacTbipM, Byxapubi, caHM, oropoflbi. «HM3MeHHafi» zieKCMKa, HeflonycTMMaa b POMaHTMHeCKOM npoM3BefleHMM, nepeHOCMT HMTaTe/lfl b pea/lbHOCTb pyCCKOM AeMCTBMTe/ibHOCTM. Tenepb y Hac flopom n/ioxM, MOCTbl 3a6blTbie THMKDT, Ha CTaHIJMflX K/lOnbl fla 6/ioxm 3acHyTb MMHyTbi He flaiOT; TpaKTupoB het. B M36e XOJlOflHOM BblCOKOnapHbIM, HO rO/lOflHbm a/in bmfly npeMCKypaHT bmcmt m tlijethbm apa3hmt anneTMT... flBa KOHTpacTHbix pflfla: eBponei/i3Mbi («npeMCKypaHT», «anneTHT») i/i 6biTOBan, npoctohapoflhan ziekchka («k/ionbi, 6/ioxm»,
«M36a») C03flaK)t KOMMHeCKMM 3(|)C|)eKT. no/iyLuyT/iMBbm, i/ipo hi/mecKi/m toh aBTopa npuflaeT H0B0e 3HaneHMe TpaflMUMOHHOMy cuMBO/iMHecKOMy MOTMBy floporn Xyflo>KecTBeHHbie 0C06eHH0CTi/i poMaHa «EBreHi/m OHernH», OTMeneHHbie B. H Be/iMHCKMM 3HaMeHMTOM (jDOpMyJll/ipOBKOM KaK « 3HL4MK/10neflMfl pyccKOM m\a3h\a», norpy>KaK)t HMTaTe/in b MCTopuHecKyio snoxy i/i aTMOC(()epy >km3hm Poccm nepBOM neTBepTM 19 BeKa. BMecTe c maBHOM reponHew TaTbHHOM JlapuHOM Mbi OKyHaeMCfl b raflaHMH, CKa30HHbm ct)o/ibK/iop, o6biHan, npMBblHKM mm/IOM CTapMHbl. r/iy6>Ke nOHHTb r/iaBHyio reponHK) HaM noMoraroT ci/iMBO/ii/mecKi/ie 06pa3bl M MOTMBbl. CUMBO/lMKa JiyHbl b MMpOBOM MMcjDO/iorm/i He TaK y>k m MHoro3HaHHa: /iyHa — 3H3K 6orMHM fluaHbl, 6orMHM n/lOflOpOflMfl M AeTopoKfleHMH, Bcero >KMBoro. Bnoc/ieflCTBMM ee CTa/lM OTO>KfleCTB/lHTb C 6on/IHeM Ce/ieHOM,
o/iMLjeTBopflKDmeM ue/iOMyapMe, HMCTOTY M
CBflTOCTb. Mbl IIOMHMM, K3K riyLUKMH, Ha3blBafl
repoMHio TaTbjqHOM, nmueT: BnepBbie MMeHeM T3KMM CTpaHMUbi He>KHoro poMaHa Mbl CBOeBO/lbHO OCBflTMM. —CBflTOe mmfl TaTbflHbl, c KOTOpbIM —Hepa3/iyHHO BOCnOMMHaHMe CTapMHbl, kak pa3 m accouMMpyeTCfi c 6ovv\nev\ ziyHbi, hohhoto 3apeBa, MO/ina 3a/iMBaK)mero crmmyK) 3eM/iK) cepe6pMCTbiM CMAHMeM. OHerMH, yBMfleB TaTb^Hy b BbicweM neTep6yprcKOM cbete «B-bflBb 6orMHio 3pMT» . 06pa3 ziyHbi riyLLiKMH ynoMMHaeT, C03flaBa^ nopTpeT O/ibrM: Kpyr/ia, KpacHa /imuom OHa, „KaK 3Ta mynafl /iyHa Ha stom r/iynoM He60CK/i0He. Ho stot o6/imk ziyHbi npoTMBonocTaB/ieH JlyHe, jibiomeM CBeT Ha mmp, Korfla oh « b npa3flHOM TMiiiMHe» npM OTyMaHeHHOM JiyHe.../ieHMBO riOHMBaeT». 3TOT >KMBMTe/lbHblM CBeT JlyHbi ocBenjaeT poMaHTMnecKMM mmp rpe3 TaTb^Hbi. HMTafl paHL4y3CKMe JiK)6oBHbie poMaHbi, OHa « cepflueM fla/ieKO HOCM/iacb,... cmotpa Ha /iyHy... Bflpyr Mbic/ib b yMe ee poflM/iacb». TaTbflHa «pyccKajq flyLuoio», CBepaeT cbom MenTaHMfl c «npeflCKa3aHM^MM ziyHbi». 3to ecTecTBeHHO, TaK KaK y c/iaBAH ziyHanoKpoBMTe/ibHMua aoMawHero onara m npMpoflbi. JlyHa 03apaeT cbomm cbctom,
Korfla OHa nmueT nncbMO-npn3HaHne OHernHy b jik)6bm, MBTe MMHyTbi, Kor^a noc/ie BCTpeni/i c OHernHbiM b neTep6ypre OHa rpycTMT i/i MeHTaeT o HeM: 06 HeM OHa bo MpaKe hohm, BbiBa/io, AeBCTBeHHO rpycTMT, K /iyHe nofl-beM/ieT TOMHbi ohm. TaTbHHa coBepujaeT cbom >KM3HeHHbm nyTb 03apneMaH JiyHoii, coxpaHHH cbok) flyweBHyK)
HMCTOTy, MCKpeHHOCTb, BepHOCTb. KaK Be/lMHaBaH /iyHa, Cpeflb >KeH i/i fleB 6/iecTMT oflHa. Mflea/i nyLUKMHa, Bon/iomeHHbm b TaTbHHe, pacKpbiBaeT C()MJ10COC|DmO >KeHCKOM flyLUM, pyCCKOM flyLUM. flBe Ky/ibTypbi - HauMOHa/ibHan i/i 3anaflHoeBponeMCKan, rapMOHMHHO
coefluhmblumech b ee jimhhoctm, o6oramak)t ee
HpaBCTBeHHbIM nOTeHI4Ma/l. Ho, HeCOMHeHHO,
ocHOBono/iaraiomeM cm/iom ee xapaKTepa HB/ineTCH no33MH HaunoHa/ibHoro. nyLUKMH MacTepcKM i/icno/ib3yeT CMMBO/ibi, onucbiBaa coh TaTbHHbl KaK HeKyK) CMMBO/lMHeCKyK) AeMCTBMTe/lbHOCTb. Pflfl 0n0pHblX CMMB0/10B
(«CHer», «/iec», «pyneM», «moct», «MeflBeflb», «M36yLUKa», «OHernH») o6pa3yK)t np0CTpaHCTB0 i/i CK)>KeT CHa. TaTbHHa i/ifleT no «CHer0B0M no/i^He», 3aTeM nepexoflMT npoTeKaiomi/m b cyrpo6ax pynew, «He CKOBaHHbix 3mmom», nonaaaeT b 3acHe>KeHHbm ziec, rfle «floporn HeT; KycTbi CTpeMHMHbi MeTe/ibK) Bee 3aHeceHbi, r/iy60K0 b CHer norpy>KeHbi» b HapoflHbix noBepbflx 3MMa, xo/iofl-nopa CMepTM npnpoflbi, Jiefl, MeTeub accoijMMpyeTCfl c nena/ibK) m CMepTbK). Coh npeflBemaeT rn6e/ib JleHCKoro, ero HaABMrahomMecfi kohhmh3 cpaBHMBaeTca c r/ibi6oM CHera: « TaK Mefl/ieHHO no CKaTy rop, Ha co/iHue MCKpaMM 6/iMCTaa cna^aeT r/ibi6a CHeroBaa... M/iaflOM neBeu Hawe/i 6e3BpeMeHHbm KOHei4». Bo CHe TaTbflHa ocTaHOBM/iacb nepefl noTOKOM, yBMfleB « flpo>KamMM, rn6e/ibHbm
MOCTOK». « flBe >KepflOHKM» -npeflCKa3aHMe 6yflymeM Mormibi JleHCKoro, r^e flBe cocHbi «CKpen/ieHbl CMepTbhO», «KOpHflMM CpOCJlMCb». « no npMflaHM^M CTapMHbi» nonacTb b 3acHe>KeHHbm /iec - nonacTb b uapcTBO MepTBbix, rfle flepeBbfl - aywM yconwMX. Xo3amhom zieca CHMTaeTCfi meflbeflb, a 3hahmt m npoboflhmk b uapcTBe MepTBbix. Mmchho MeflBeflb nepeBOflMT tatb^Hy nepe3 pynew, 3atem rohmtcfl 3a Hew m npMHOCMT ee k xM>KMHe OHeri/ma co c/iOBaMn: «3flecb MOM KyM» riyLUKMH T3KMM 06pa30M CMMBO/iMnecKM o6pbiBaeT 6yflyLUMe co6biTMfl b cyflb6e TaTbflHbi m EBreHMfl. Cxo^ho onncaHMe nnpa fleMOHOB b xM>KMHe OHerMHa m rocTeM Ha
mmehmhax TaTbflHbi. Motmb 6paKa packpbibaetca b
CMMBO/lMHeCKOM 3HaHeHMM CHOBMfleHl/m. HaM, HMTaTe/lflM CTaHOBMTCfl HCHee M n0flp06H0CTM 6yflymero b poMaHe. Ci/iMBO/ii/mecKi/ie MOTi/iBbi, Ha Kcrropbie onupaiOTCH nyniKi/ih b poMaHe « ebrehi/im OHernH», pacKpbiBaiOT ero aBTopcKyK) no3HL4MK), yr/iy6/iHK)t npeflCTaB/ieHne o xapaKTepax i/i cyflb6ax npoi/i3BefleHi/m, co3flaK)T MHorouBeTue >km3hm pa3Hbix coc/iOBMM pyccKoro o6mecTBa.
3aK/iK)HeHMe B xofle pa6oTbi 6b\n otmeneh tot cf>aKT, hto name
Bcero CMMBO/1M3M pOMaHa CBH3blBaeTCH TO/lbKO c OflHMM 3nM30fl0M - CHOM TaTbHHbl. HaMM >Ke 6bl/lM paccMOTpeHbi m MHbie o6pa3bi npoi/iSBefleHi/m, coflepwami/ie b ce6e cumbo/iMHecKoe 3HaHeHi/ie: JlyHa, Co/iHue, p,eian\A flepeBeHCKoro neM3a>Ka. CMMBO/lbl CymeCTByKDT b flByX MMpaX, KOTOpbie yC/lOBHO MO>KHO Ha3BaTb «(J)aHTaCTMHeCKl/im» (coh TaTbHHbl) M «pea/lMCTMHeCKMM». E>e3yc/10BH0, Han6o/ibLuee 3HaneHMe CMMBO/ibi mvieKDT mvieHHO b «cj)aHTacTMHecKOM» Mupe, TaK KaK caMO CHOBMfleHne noflpa3yMeBaeT Ha/innne 3/ieivieHTa Mppai4MOHa/lbHOCTM M pa3/lMHHbie TOJlKOBaHMJT CuMBO/ikiKa pea/ibHoro ivmpa noflnac 0Ka3blBaeTCfl CKpblTOM OT COBpeMeHHOrO HMTaTeujq; HTo6bi o6Hapy>KMTb ee b poMaHe He06x0flMM0 3HaHMe HapoflHOM Ky/ibTypbi, ee o6bmaeB m 06pjqfl0B. CmviBOJiMKa pea/ibHoro ivmpa CB^3aHa co CMeHOki BpeMeH ro^a, a TaK>Ke pa3/iMHHbiMM aTpM6yTaivm neM3a>Ka, K0T0pbie MOryT 6blTb paCCMOTpeHbl He TO/lbKO KaK pea/inn MaTepkia/ibHoro ivmpa, ho m KaK npeflivieTbi, o6/iaflaioinMe CBOMM CMMBO/iMHecKMM 3HaneHMeM.
Cba3m poMaHa b CTkixax «ebrehmm OHerMH» nOCBflmeHO MHO>KeCTBO MCC/ieflOBaHMM, HO flO Cl/ix nop ocTa/iMCb iaKv\e acneKTbi, KaK CMMBO/iMKa, OCTaiOTCfl Ma/10M3yHeHHblMM. B 3T0M BMflMTCfl B03M0>KH0CTb fla/lbHeMLUerO MCC/ieflOBaHMfl CUM BO/1 MHeCKOrO 3HaneHMfl pa3/lMHHblX 06pa30B npoM3BefleHMfi. «HaHa/io i/iCKyccTBa c/iOBa b ct>ojibKnope», - TaK onpefle/in/1 A.M. ropbKMM opraHi/NecKi/ie cba3m jii/iTepaTypbi c (t)o/ibK/iopoM. Hap0flH0-n03TMHecK0e tbopnectbo b/iMBa/iocb b pyccKyio Jii/iTepaTypy, pyccKMe nncaTe/in onnpa/incb Ha Hero, oho oayxoTBopfl/io ee, BHOCM/IO pyccKoe Hai4M0Ha/ibH0e Hana/io, o6oramafl mx xyflo>KecTBeHHoe TBopnecTBO cio>KeTaMM m o6pa3aMM, repoflMM M3 Hapo^a m
HapOflHO-nOSTMHeCKMMM CTMJlMCTMHeCKMMM npneMaMM. Jli/iTepaTypH0-ct)0JibKJi0pHbie cba3m 0CH0BbiBa/iMCb Ha r/iy60K0M MHTepece /lMTepaTypbi k flyx0BH0My ivmpy Hapo^a, k npo6/ieMe HapoflHOCTM, ocBoeHMK) c|DO/ibK/iopHbix TpaflMUMM. JlMTepaTypa ormpa/iacb Ha HapoflHoe TBopnecTBO, nocTura/ia ero HpaBCTBeHHbie i/i acTeTMHecKne Mflea/ibi. Oo/ibK/iop HB/ifleTCfl nuTaTe/ibHOM cpe^OM zii/iTepaTypbi, ero
>KMBMTe/lbHblMM MCTOKaMM. BoraTCTBOM HapOflHOM n033MM CTpeMM/iaCb o6oraTMTbCH BCH pyCCKafl JlMTepaTypa. >KaHpbi i/i ojibi b pyccKyK) jii/iTepaTypy m npuflaKDT ev\ HaunoHa/ibHoe CBoeo6pa3i/ie. OHa o6Hapy>KMBaeT MfleMHyK) M XyflO>KeCTBeHHyK) 6/lM30CTb C yCTHOM no33i/ieM. HeT hm oflHoro rmcaTe/ifl, K0T0pbm npouje/i 6bi mmmo ycTHOM HapoflHOM no33i/m, He OTpa3M/l 6bl b CBOeM TBOpneCTBe Cf)0/lbK/10pHblX TpaflMUMM M He o6paTM/lCH 6bl k Cf)0/lbK/10py

.JlMTepaTypa

1. 
   Be/imhckmm, 1955. - Be/imhckmm B.n llo/iHoe co6paHne C0Hi/iHeHi/m, t. VII, M. 1955.
   
2. 
   PMJ1, 2004. - PyccKaa My3biKa/ibHa^