New words in the English language in the last two hundred years have been appearing as a result of

w generally dropped (OE sweostor → sister)

b) after s or t

123. 
     Complete the following theses by choosing just one of the variants below to demonstrate the change that OE consonants underwent in the ME period: l lost (OE micel → much)
     

f) in the vicinity of palatal c

124. 
     Complete the following theses by choosing just one of the variants below to demonstrate the change that OE consonants underwent in the ME period: fricative f/v tended to drop out (OE hlaford → ME lord)
     

e) before consonants+consonants or vowel+consonants

125. 
     Complete the following theses by choosing just one of the variants below to demonstrate the change that OE consonants underwent in the ME period: b lost (lamb,
     

h) in final position after m

126. 
     Complete the following theses by choosing just one of the variants below to demonstrate the change that OE consonants underwent in the ME period: h often lost (OE hit → ME it)
     

i) initially

127. 
     Tick the right item demonstrating the changes that OE consonants underwent in the ME period:
     

b) gh instead of velar fricative h [х]

128. 
     Tick the right item demonstrating the changes that OE consonants underwent in the ME period:
     

c) introduction of French letters k, z , v and j

129. 
     Tick the right item demonstrating the changes that OE consonants underwent in the ME period:
     

d) hw turned into wh

130. 
     Tick the right item demonstrating the changes that OE consonants underwent in the ME period:
     

d) -c substituted for -s

131. 
     Tick the right item demonstrating the changes that OE consonants underwent in the ME period:
     

a) prefix ge- lost initial consonant and was reduced to -y or -i

132. 
     Tick the right item demonstrating the changes that OE consonants underwent in the ME period:
     

c) kn cluster lost the first phoneme
 

133. 
     A minim is a
     

c) a short vertical stroke of a pen which in adjacent position is difficult to read

134. 
     Which of the vowels modifications took place in the ME period?
     

a) -u was replaced by -o

135. 
     Which of the vowels modifications took place in the ME period?
     

d) -g palatal merged with the preceding front vowel into a diphthong

136. 
     Which of the vowels modifications took place in the ME period?
     

b) complete loss of final -e

137. 
     Which of the vowels modifications took place in the ME period?
     

d) lengthening of short vowels in open syllables

138. 
     Which of the vowels modifications took place in the ME period?
     

d) -æ turned to -a before -r

139. 
     Which of the following statements about Middle English noun is correct?
     

b) the plural is formed with by means of adding -en, -es to the singular form

140. 
     Which of the following statements about Middle English noun is correct?
     

c) Genitive is formed by means of suffix –es

141. 
     Which of the following statements about Middle English noun is correct?
     

d) nouns ending with –f and –th retained exchanging voiceless for voiced: līf - līfes

142. 
     Which of the following statements about Middle English noun is correct?
     

1. 
   grammatical gender got lost
   

143. 
     The Middle English adjective has distinction in
     

c) case, gender, number

144. 
     The degrees of comparison are formed by means of the suffixes in Middle English:
     

a) -re, (later -er);-est

145. 
     Were perfect and continuous aspects presented during the Middle English period?
     

a) yes, they were

146. 
     How many negations were possible to use in a Middle English sentence?
     

c) two or three

147. 
     The history of the Germanic language covers a period of approximately how many years:
     

d) 1500 year

 

148. 
     Which of the following languages is not a Germanic Language?
     

d) Finnish

 

149. 
     4. Match the names of the Germanic tribes with the tribes they assimilated with:
     

1) the Angles a) the Danes

2) the Vikings b) the Slavic

3) the Saxons c) the Romanized Celts of Gaul

4) the Visigoths d) the Swedes

5) the Franks e) the Phoenicians

6) the Vandals f) the Celts

7) the Jutes g) the Romans

8) the Geats h) the Etruscans

150. 
     Which of these features are typical of the Germanic stress?
     

a) the 1^st syllable stress

 

151. 
     Which of these features is typical of Germanic vowels?
     

a) diphthongs

152. 
     Which of these features is typical of Germanic vowels?
     

a) short and long vowels

153. 
     Which of these features is typical of Germanic vowels?
     

b) reduction of unstressed vowels

 

154. 
     Reduction of unstressed vowels is typical of:
     

b) English

155. 
     Reduction of unstressed vowels is typical of:
     

c) German 

156. 
     Which of these features of the noun and verb are typical of the Germanic languages:
     

b) singular and plural

157. 
     Which of these features of the noun and verb are typical of the Germanic languages:
     

c) masculine, feminine, neutral genders

158. 
     Latin alphabet started substituting runes in England in
     

a) 7 AD

159. 
     Latin alphabet started substituting runes in Germania in
     

b) 8^th AD

160. 
     Latin alphabet started substituting runes in Iceland and Norway in
     

c) 11^th AD

161. 
     Latin alphabet started substituting runes in Sweden and Denmark in
     

d) 13^th AD

162. 
     How many people speak English as a first language:
     

a) 350 mln

 

163. 
     The subject matter of the History of the English Language covers:
     

b) contacts of English with other related and unrelated languages;

164. 
     The subject matter of the History of the English Language covers:
     

c) the history of phonetic structure and spelling of the English language;

165. 
     The subject matter of the History of the English Language covers:
     

d) the changing historical conditions of English speaking communities;

166. 
     The subject matter of the History of the English Language covers:
     

f) the evolution of the grammatical system of the English Language;

167. 
     The subject matter of the History of the English Language covers:
     

d) the growth of the vocabulary of the English Language.

168. 
     The Comparative Historic Method aims at
     

c) reconstruction of earlier forms of a language or languages by comparing surviving forms in recorded languages

169. 
     Who was the first to have noticed some similarity of Latin, Greek, English and Sanskrit and stated the hypothesis about a common language ancestor for them? c) William Jones;
     

170. 
     The peoples speaking Proto-Indo-European are supposed to live
     

a) in southern Russia from some time after 5000 BC;

 

171. 
     The peoples speaking Proto-Indo-European are supposed to be called
     

b) the Kurgans;

172. 
     Whom does “the family (language) tree” belong to?
     

f) A. Schleicher

173. 
     Who proposed “The theory of Waves”?
     

e) F.Shmid

174. 
     Who refuted the existence of a so called common proto-language?
     

e) F.Shmid

175. 
     Who was the first to have given a description of the original grammatical structure of the Indo-European languages and to have investigated the origin of their grammatical forms?
     

d) Franz Bopp

176. 
     Who made the first attempt to analyze the relationships between the Indo-European languages?
     

d) Franz Bopp

177. 
     Who developed the principle of regular sound changes between individual words in the Germanic languages and their cognates in Greek and Latin?
     

c) Rasmus Rask

178. 
     Who established the relationship of Old Norse to Gothic and of Lithuanian to Slavic, Greek, and Latin?
     

c) Rasmus Rask

179. 
     Who ascertained the so called sound law stating an internal connection between acts of general shift in the languages development (voiced → voiceless → fricatives → voiced)?
     

2. 
   Jacob Grimm
   

180. 
     The law of consonants correspondence in older Indo-European was formulated by?
     

b) Jacob Grimm

181. 
     The modern concept of conditioning environments was proposed by?
     

a) Karl Verner

182. 
     Northumbrian efflorescence:
     

b) During the 7th and 8th centuries Northumbria's culture and language dominated in Britain. This period was marked by a rich religious and literary culture.

183. 
     Wessex efflorescence:
     

a) During the period of the 9^th and early 10^th centuries, Wessex became the seat of Anglo-Saxon intellectual, literary, and political life.

184. 
     Disappearance of Old English:
     

c) During the 11^th century a new set of teachers and scholars set up schools for educating students in English and Latin.

185. 
     The sound law of conditioning environment: a phonological change in one phoneme could depend on the neighbouring phonemes and the position of the accent within the same word.
     

c) K. Verner’s law

186. 
     A change in a vowel sound caused by partial assimilation to a vowel or semivowel occurring in the following syllable is
     

a) Umlaut

187. 
     (Old Persian 100) eastern languages:
     

b) Satem languages

188. 
     A simplified form of speech, usually a mixture of two or more languages that has a rudimentary grammar and vocabulary and is used for communication between groups speaking different languages. Grammatical features are: absence of morphological changes of words, the plural does not differ from the singular, the verbs are deprived of tense - forms, e.g.
     

b) Pidgin

189. 
     Non-Indo-European peoples settling the territory of the British Isles before the 7^th century
     

c) Picts

190. 
     The process or conditioning of worsening or generating (OE ceorl ('peasant') → ME cherl, "churl")
     

3. 
   Pejoration
   

191. 
     Diphthongisation of a front vowel under the influence of preceding palatal k’(c), sk’ (sc), j (g, or Z) (gefan → giefan)
     

d) Palatalization

192. 
     Modification of –s into –r: Gt raisjan→ OE ræ:ran (to rear)
     

c) Rhotacism

193. 
     "The British accent" - the variant of English used by radio and television
     

c) Received Pronunciation (RP)

194. 
     A short vertical stroke of a pen which in adjacent position is difficult to read
     

d) Minim

195. 
     Inversion of sounds in order. We hear this when we identify certain regional dialects by the pronunciation “aks” for “ask.”
     

ME brid → bird; axian → ask; thurgh → through; beorht → bright.

b) metathesis

196. 
     A diacritical mark placed above a vowel to indicate a long sound or phonetic value in pronunciation (ā)
     

b) Macron

197. 
     The speakers of Proto - Indo - European (southern Russia, 5000 BC)
     

c) Kurgans

198. 
     Jargon used by the Negroes in Liberia and on the coastline of Guinea and Western Africa, a language bases of English mixed with Portuguese vocabulary
     

a) Kroo-English

199. 
     A mixture of East Midlands, East Anglian, Scottish, Cockney
     

d) Kettering accent

200. 
     Unique poetic vocabulary of OE literature, especially in metaphorical constructions: hronrad (whale road, or sea)
     

c) Kennings

201. 
     Words from Latin or Romance languages, often polysyllabic and of arcane, scientific, or aesthetic resonance, coined and introduced into English in the 16th and 17th centuries.
     

c) Inkhorn terms

202. 
     Fronting and raising of all vowels, except i and e, caused by i (or j) in the next syllable: (framian → fremman)
     

d) i-mutation

203. 
     Turning of voiced fricatives into voiced plosives [ð, v, γ → d, b, g]: Gt broþar→Grm Bruder
     

c) hardening

204. 
     A set of relationships among the consonants of the Germanic and non-Germanic Indo-European languages, first codified and published by Jakob Grimm in 1822
     

a) Grimm’s law

205. 
     A massive sound change affecting English long vowels during the 15^th to 18^th centuries: long vowels shifted upwards
     

b) Great Vowel Shift

206. 
     The variety that the majority of Australians use; it predominates among modern Australian films and television programs
     

b) General Australian English

207. 
     Doubling of consonants (except for -r-) followed by -j after a short consonant: tælian → tellan, swæfian → swebban (later ff → bb)
     

b) Gemination

208. 
     A new accent combining RP and Cockney
     

2. 
   Estuary English
   

209. 
     Designating or pertaining to a number category that indicates two persons or things, as in Old English for the 1^st and 2^nd persons wit “we two”, git “we two”
     

d) Dual number

210. 
     Variety of Australian English that has many similarities to British RP, and is often mistaken for it. It is now spoken by less than 10% of the population.
     

c) Cultivated Australian English

211. 
     A type of mixed language that develops when dominant and subordinate groups that speak different languages have prolonged contact, incorporating the basic vocabulary of the dominant language with the grammar and an admixture of words from the subordinate language and becoming the native tongue of the subordinate group
     

d) Creole

212. 
     Reconstruction of earlier forms of a language, or of earlier languages, by comparing surviving forms in recorded languages
     

a) Comparative Historic Method

213. 
     Two or more words from two or more different, but related, languages that share a common root or original
     

c) Cognate

214. 
     Local inner east London accent
     

a) Cockney

215. 
     The form of the English language developed in written documents of the fifteenth century in Chancery (the official writing center of royal administration)
     

d) Chancery English

216. 
     (Latin 100) the western languages that descended from IE and have a word for that number closely related to centum (the Germanic languages have the word beginning with h-, which is a later sound change).
     

c) Centum languages

217. 
     Most recognizable variety of Australian English; identifies Australian characters in non-Australian films and television programs
     

d) Broad Australian English

218. 
     Diphthongization of front vowel under the influence of succeeding h, l, r
     

e) Rhotacism

219. 
     Jargon used in trade relations in the Pacific Ocean
     

a) Beach-la-Mar

220.