National Development Strategy Croatia 2030: Roadmap for a Better Future


Building on the market-oriented structural reforms of the 1990s and regained political stability



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21aRoadmapCroatia2030

Building on the market-oriented structural reforms of the 1990s and regained political stability, 
before the 2008 global economic crisis Croatia enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth and 
income convergence with the EU.
During 2002-08, real GDP per capita rose annually by 4.5 percent on 
average, and its level more than doubled reaching 63 percent of the EU-28 average (at PPS). As a result, 
Croatia’s real convergence with EU-28 income levels was similar to other CEE countries. 
2.
Until 2008, economic growth was mainly driven by largely debt-financed domestic demand, lead-
ing to a buildup of macroeconomic imbalances. 
The main drivers of expansion were capital investment 
and private consumption while the contribution of exports to overall GDP growth was by far the lowest in 
the CEE region. Investment averaged 25.8 percent of GDP, comparable with other fast-growing economies 
in the region. However, it largely took place in non-tradable sectors like construction, retail and the finan-
cial sector, which stands in sharp contrast to other CEE countries where manufacturing investments ac-
counted for almost a quarter of all investment. The rise in consumption and investment was largely debt 
financed, fueled by strong capital inflows and robust credit growth in the domestic banking sector. House-
holds’ saving rate declined and financial liabilities of households, firms and the government rose signifi-
cantly. Furthermore, rapid growth of domestic demand triggered an import surge, and with a modest per-
formance of the export sector this resulted in rising external imbalances. 
3.
Even in the pre-crisis period, Croatia’s potential growth was among the lowest in the CEE region 
with limited productivity improvements.
Despite relatively high growth rates during the 2002-08 eco-
nomic expansion, potential growth averaged only around 3 percent, compared to an average of 5 percent 
in the CEE region. This largely stemmed from sluggish productivity growth, which made by far the small-
est contribution to potential growth in Croatia compared to the CEE region, reflecting, among other, the 
large presence of the state in the economy, including through SOEs, a cumbersome business environment, 
poor quality of institutions, unfavorable composition of FDI and a small export sector. Furthermore, despite 
long accession negotiations, Croatia was not fully prepared for EU entry in 2013, with institutional short-
comings limiting the country’s ability to efficiently absorb EU funds.
4.

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