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Spelling Formal Informal
a few more words a 'fju: 'mo: 'w3:dz a fju mo 'w3:dz a new aspect a 'nju: '^spekt a 'n(j)u '^spekt Diphthongs are very often monophthongized in informal speech.
The diphthong [ea] tends to be simplified to [e(:)], e. g.
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Spelling Formal Informal
Where wea we
here and there 'hiar and 'без 'hi (a)r an 'Qe
In an unstressed position it is further modified to [a], e. g. there is an opinion [Qar iz an a'pinjan].
The diphthong [ia] often gets a sort of central vowel realization[a].
Spelling Formal Informal
really strange 'riali 'streindz 'rali 'streindz
serious action 'siarias 'жк]Ъ 'sari(a)s '^kfn
Unstressed positions are sometimes marked by the next stage of qualitative reduction. The diphthong [au] is realized as some kind of [л].
Spelling Formal Informal
and now we've and 'nau wiw an nлwrv
Vowel elision is very frequent in informal conversational style. It often goes with other processes involving assimilation and elision of consonants. Elided neutral sound [a] is very common in the unstressed syllables of polysyllabic words, like: Spelling Formal Informal
different 'difarant 'difrant
political pa'litikl 'plitikl
In the last examples the loss of [a] in the initial unstressed syllable of a word causes the initial consonant form a cluster with the consonant of the stressed syllable.
In the majority of spoken utterances beginning with its the initial [i] is elided when the phrase runs on without a marked pause after the previous saying.
Spelling Formal Informal
it's paid well its 'peid wel ts 'peid wel
it's necessary its 'nesasari ts 'nesasari
Likewise, in polysyllabic words beginning with the unstressed ex- it is often simplified to [ks].
Spelling Formal Informal
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Extremely iks'tri:mli 'kstri:mli
Extraordinary iks'tro:dnri 'kstro:dnri
In informal careless speech we find phonetic facts which seem impossible for the English pronunciation namely consonant sequences [tsn], [tsk], [tsp] and others.
Spelling Formal Informal
it's not exact its 'nut ig'z^kt ts 'nut ig'z^kt
it's close to its 'klous to ts 'klous to
These sequences never occur in speech where the words are uttered clearly and explicitly but in the stream of informal speech in the least prominent parts of the utterance. These facts represent the natural processes of compression, or simplification which are known in other languages.
We cannot deny that every actual sound realization is a unique and individual ideophone. Apart from the distinctive, contextual and stylistic features it differs in the timbre and personal voice qualities of every speaker which make his/her speech recognizable though we may not see the speaker but only hear him/her over the radio or in a telephone talk. Thus the sound realizations of phonemes are marked by personal features in addition to distinctive, contextual and stylistic. So, a phoneme, an allophone, a variant and a phone form a kind of hierarchy of phonetic units in discourse.
THE LIST OF REFERENCES
Collins Beverly, Inger M. Mees. Practical Phonetics and Phonology : A Resource Book for Students. Second Edition. New York : Routledge, 2008. 305 p.
Cruttenden Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. Seventh edition. Routlege, 2013. 362 p.
Giegerich Heinz. English Phonology : An Introduction. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1992. 333 p.
Jenkins Jennifer. The Phonology of English as an International Language. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2000. 258 p.
Kreidler Charles W. The Pronunciation of English. A Course Book. Second edition. Blackwell Publishing, 2004. 313 p.
Ladefoged Peter, Johnson Keith. A Course in Phonetics. Seventh edition. Cengage Learning, 2014. 352 p.
McMahon April. An Introduction to English Phonology. Edinburg University Press, 2002. 159 p.
Morley J. Pronunciation Pedagogy and Theory : New Views, New Dimensions. Alexandria, VA : TESOL, 1994. 156 p.
Roach Peter. English Phonetics and Phonology. A Practical course. Fourth edition. Cambridge Universuty Press, 2009. 231 p.
Vrabel Т. T. Lectures in Theoretical Phonetics of the English Language and Method-Guides for Seminars. Ungvar : PoliPrint, 2009. 176 p.
Авраменко Б. В. Теоретична фонетика сучасно! англшсько! мови : навчальний поабник. Одеса : видавець Букаев Вадим Вшторович, 2019. 93 с.
Дворжецька М. П. Фонетика англшсько!' мови : фоностилютика i риторика мовленнево! комушкаци'. Вшниця : Нова книга, 2005. 208 с.
Паращук В. Ю. Теоретична фонетка англшсько! мови : навчальний поабник для студенев факультет шоземних мов. Вшниця : Нова книга, 2009. 232 с.
QUESTIONS
What is assimilation?
Define the types of assimilation.
Give the examples of assimilation.
What is elision?
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