N. S. Safaev, N. A. Mirashirova, N. G. Odilova, Sh. D. Turabekova, Sh. K. Karimova

the 
opposite 
ear.
teratogens agents, such as chemicals and 
viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during 
prenatal development and cause harm, 
testosterone the most important of the 
male sex hormones. Both males and females 
have it, but the additional testosterone in 
males stimulates the growth of the male sex 
organs in the fetus and the development of 
the male sex characteristics during puberty., 
thalamus [THAL-uh-muss] the brain’s 
sensory switchboard, located on top of the 
brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory 
receiving areas in the cortex and transmits 
replies to the cerebellum and medulla.
THC the major active ingredient in marijuana; 
triggers a variety of effects, including mild 
hallucinations.
theory an explanation using an integrated set 
of principles that organizes observations and 
predicts behaviors or events, 
theory of mind people’s ideas about their 
own and others’ mental states—about their 
feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the 
behaviors these might predict, 
threshold the level of stimulation required to
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trigger a neural impulse, 
token economy an operant conditioning 
procedure in which people earn a token of 
some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and 
can later exchange the tokens for various privileges 
or treats.
tolerance the diminishing effect with regular
use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the
user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing
the drug’s effect.
top-down processing information processing 
guided by higher-level mental 
processes, as when we construct perceptions 
drawing on our experience and expectations, 
trait a characteristic pattern of behavior 
or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed 
by self-report inventories and peer reports, 
transference in psychoanalysis, the patient’s 
transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with 
other relationships (such as love or hatred for a 
parent).
two-factor theory the Schachter-Singer theory 
that to experience emotion one must ( be 
physically aroused and ( cognitively label the 
arousal.
two-word stage beginning about age , 
the stage in speech development during which 
a child speaks mostly two-word statements.
Type A Friedman and Rosenman’s term 
for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, 
verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
Type В Friedman and Rosenman’s term for 
easygoing, relaxed people.
U
unconditional positive regard a caring, 
accepting, nonjudgmental attitude of total 
acceptance toward another person; Carl Rogers 
believed that this attitude, used in therapy, 
would help clients develope self-awareness and
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