N. S. Safaev, N. A. Mirashirova, N. G. Odilova, Sh. D. Turabekova, Sh. K. Karimova


partial (intermittent) reinforcement reinforcing



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partial (intermittent) reinforcement reinforcing 
a response only part of the time; results 
in slower acquisition of a response but much 
greater resistance to extinction than does continuous 
reinforcement.
passionate love an aroused state of intense 
positive absorption in another, usually present 
at the beginning of a love relationship, 
perception the process of organizing and 
interpreting sensory information, enabling us 
to recognize meaningful objects and events, 
perceptual adaptation in vision, the ability 
to adjust to an artificially displaced or even 
inverted visual field.
perceptual constancy perceiving objects as 
unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, 
lightness, and color) even as illumination and 
retinal images change, 
perceptual set a mental predisposition to 
perceive one thing and not another, 
peripheral nervous system (PNS) the sensory 
and motor neurons that connect the central 
nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the 
body.
peripheral route to persuasion occurs 
when people are influenced by incidental cues, 
such as a speaker’s attractiveness, 
personal control the extent to which people 
perceive control over their environment rather
385


than feeling helpless.
personal space the buffer zone we like to
maintain around our bodies.
personality an individual’s characteristic pattern
of thinking, feeling, and acting.
personality disorders psychological disorders
characterized by inflexible and enduring
behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
personality inventory a questionnaire (often
with 
true-false
or 
agree-disagree
items) on which
people respond to items designed to gauge a
wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to
assess selected personality traits.
personnel psychology a subfield of I/O psychology
that focuses on employee recruitment,
selection, placement, training, appraisal, and
development. 13-
PET (positron emission tomography) scan
a visual display of brain activity that detects 
where a radioactive form of glucose goes while 
the brain performs a given task, 
phobia an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, 
irrational fear and avoidance of a specific 
object or situation.
physical dependence a physiological need 
for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal 
symptoms when the drug is discontinued, 
pitch a tone’s experienced highness or lowness; 
depends on frequency, 
pituitary gland the endocrine system’s most 
influential gland. Under the influence of the 
hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth 
and controls other endocrine glands, 
placebo [pluh-SEE-bo; Latin for “I shall 
please”] effect experimental results caused by 
expectations alone; any effect on behavior 
caused by the administration of an inert substance 
or condition, which the recipient 
assumes is an active agent.
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plasticity the brain’s ability to change, especially 
during childhood, by reorganizing after 
damage or by building new pathways based on 
experience.
polygraph a machine, commonly used in
attempts to detect lies, that measures several of
the physiological responses accompanying emotion
(such as perspiration and cardiovascular
and breathing changes).
population all the cases in a group being
studied, from which samples may be drawn.
{Note:
Except for national studies, this does 
not
refer to a country’s whole population.) 
positive psychology the scientific study of 
optimal human functioning; aims to discover 
and promote strengths and virtues that enable 
individuals and communities to thrive, 
positive reinforcement increasing behaviors 
by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A 
positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when 

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