Myat Su Yin John Walsh



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2997-Article Text-5934-1-10-20121005

 
Typology of Strategies
Mintzberg’s (1979) typology of strategies model first looked at a formal 
rational process of strategic planning and then observed that unexpected crises and 
opportunities and quickly changing environments may produce a significant gap 
between intended and realized strategies. His view on emergent strategies and 
organizational learning, where learning and designing go hand in and hand on a trial 
and error basis, is best suited to organizations operating in a turbulent environment like 
the TAT. Consequently, Mintzberg’s strategy framework is introduced and utilized for 
further exploration of the data. 
Mintzberg (1979) describes strategy as involving a stream of decisions 
that incorporates “a complex multistage process” involving several elements, including 
“a change in environment.” He categorizes strategies as follows: 

Intended strategies that are realized (deliberate strategies); 

Intended strategies that are not realized, perhaps because of 
unrealistic expectations, misjudgments about the environment, or 
changes during implementation (unrealized strategies); 

Realized strategies that were never intended, perhaps because no 
strategy was developed at the outset or perhaps because the 
strategies somehow were displaced along the way (emergent 
strategies). 


วารสารพัฒนบริหารศาสตร ปที่
51
ฉบับที่ 
2/2554
Restoring The Image of A Tourism Destination in Crisis: The Tourism Authority of Thailand’s (TAT) Strategic Crisis 
Management Strategies and Destination Marketing Approaches in Responding to Political Crises 2008-2009 
176 
Mintzberg and Waters (2006: 257-272) bridge the gap between strategy 
formation and organizational learning. They consider the fact that unrealized strategies 
are a source of learning, as managers find out which of their intentions do not work, 
rejected either by their organizations themselves or else by environments that are less 
than acquiescent. Deliberate strategies provide the organization with a sense of 
purposeful direction. Emergent strategy implies that an organization is learning what 
works in practice. Mixing the deliberate and the emergent strategies in some way will 
help the organization to control its course while encouraging the learning process 
(
ibid
.). 
In summary, Mintzberg (1994) concludes that the strategy formation walks 
on two feet, one deliberate and the other emergent. Consequently, managing this 
process requires the ability to co-ordinate actions with respect to realizing actions 
while responding to changes in the external environment. This can be a difficult 
undertaking. 

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