Morphological structure of a word. Classification of Morphemes

Special –> archaisms: nay=no, warrior=soldier, welkin=sky.
Special: Slang (a sleeper–курс лекций, dirt=money);Jargonizes: heavy cream=толстушка, acid=drugs, cold turkey=голая правда; Vulgarisms: damn, hell, son of bitch.
the semantic structure of a word: Most of words convey several notions & thus have several meanings. They are called polysemantic words. Monosemantic words, i.e. words having only one meaning are comparatively few in number. They are mainly scientific terms & alike.
Smirnitsky was the first who defined a unit of a word that possesses its own sound form & a lex. meaning. & which was called a lex. semantic variant (LSV).
Vinogradov was the first to speak about the semantic structure of a word as an interrelated & interdependent unity of LSV
Different LSV may be clealy seen in a context: in different collocations (combinations): to stand –> straight, heat;
in different syntactical positions: to stand for (символ-ть), to stand out (выдел-ся);
in their phras. peculiarities: to stand on end = стоять дыбом.
The meanings in a semantic structure of a word are not equal in their importance. Traditionally the basic meaning & the miner meanings are distinguished.
Basic meaning is kind of a center of a word round which all other miner meanings are organized.
Курелович, Шмелев & others defined basic meaning as one that is never depends on the context. They say, that is basic meaning that first occurs in our heads with the first mentioning of the word. (hard-has 12-st meaning, but the main is твердый, жесткий; table – has 15 meanings, blind – 8 meanings).
Minor meaning strongly depend on the context they are sintagmatically depended. & this context or correlations don’t make it possible to interpret this or that as a basic one (hard work).

Change of meaning

How words develop new meanings.
1. Process of semantic change: there are 2 groups of process of semantic change: extra-linguistic or historical & linguistic.
ellipses: the verb ‘to– ‘to starve of hunger’;a monthly = monthly (magazine).
discrimination of synonyms: ‘land’ was ‘земля’ in OE then – country –> ‘земля’, stool <– chair (french) –табурет.
semantic analogy: verbs synonyms with ‘catch’ got the meaning ‘to understand’).
2. nature of semantic change:
Metonymy: have a cup(tea)
metaphoreColor: lilac–сирень
Function of use : h& –рука, стрелка часов.