Morphological structure of a word. Classification of Morphemes

2.Various ways of word-building in Modern English.

Word-formation or word-building is the process of creating new words from the material of the language after certain structure & semantic formulas & patterns. There are productive ways - widely used: affixation (derrivation); word-composition; conversion; shortening & Non-productive ways – not used: back-formation; sound-&-stress interchange of word-formation.

affixation is one of the most productive involves adding to an existing word (stem) either a suffix to an end or a prefix at the beginning. e.g. special-ist
Prefixes+suffixes=affixes: help-less-ness=(n+less)+ness, specialist = (n+ist),chairmanship=(n+n) (chair+ man ) + suff.
Affixes:

• 
  prefixation is mostly typical of verbs;
  
• 
  prefixes change the lex. meaning of words: reread–read;
  
• 
  only some prefixes change the part of speech form: large–enlarge;
  
• 
  suffixation is mostly characteristic of nouns & adjectives;
  
• 
  suffixes change the lex. meaning of words: help–helpless;
  
• 
  the majority of suffixes change the part of speech: black–to blacken, child–childless;
  
• 
  only some suffixes don’t change part of speech: relation–relationship, chiold–childhood, brown–brownish; they transfer a word into another semantic group: from concrete nouns to abstract nouns (child–childhood).
  

Convertion is another highly productive way of word-building. It is a type of word building in which from some word already existing in the lang-e a new word is made. The new word coincides with the old one in its phonetic shape but belong to a different word class, a different category of part of speech, possessing a different paradigm and a different lex. meaning from that of original word.

2. 
   main cases of convertion:
   

1. 
   formation verbs from nouns and other parts of speech: to doctor–doctor, to thin–thin;
   
2. 
   formation nouns from verbs
   to cut–a cut; n<–conjunction.
   

Work (noun) –s, pl.; -‘s singular pos –> substantive; Work (verb) -‘s plural pos –> paradigm -s: the 3-d person singular; -ed: past simple, participle II -ing: present part., gerund.

Word composition. Compounds are made up by joining together 2 stems.

degree of complexity: simple & derived stems (‘motorway’ is form from 2 simple words–motor & way). Compounds are usually formed according to structural & semantical formulae & patterns. Structurally it is a 2-stem center. Semantically it is a combined lex. meaning.

In a sentence it functions free & has quite a different reference to an object (marry-go-round). According to different degrees of motivation compounds are: completely motivated (both components are used in their direct meanings: a housekeeper, a sportsman); partially motivated (one component in the direct meaning, the other in indirect: a flowerbed (bed – indirect mean.), chatterbox (box-indirect)); completely non-motivated (both components are used in their direct meaning: eye-wash (smth said or done to deceive a person)).