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№ 16 (150)
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Апрель 2017 г.
374
История
И СТО Р И Я
From the history of Turkmen ethnography
Divankuliyeva Bike, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Lecturer
Turkmen State University named after Makhtumkuli
T
he 20-ies of XX century were the period of formation of eth-
nology in Turkmenistan [1, 10–12 pg]. In 1925, Turkmen
Scientific Research Institute was opened, where an ethno-
graphic bureau was established. There worked G. I. Karpov,
I. N. Yomudskaya-Burunova,
A. A. Karelin,
N. V. Bryullo-
va-Shaskolskaya and other ethnographers. The work plan de-
veloped by the Bureau for 1926 provided the first ethnographic
expedition to the settlements of Turkmenistan. The tasks of the
expedition included study of everyday life, customs and rituals,
folk art of Turkmen people. Ethnographic study covered the fol-
lowing areas, displayed in the plan «1) costume; 2) jewellery; 3)
utensils; 4) implements; 5) weapons; 6) forms of yards, houses,
doors, stoves; 7) land cultivation techniques; 8) housework:
yarn, weaving, braiding, cooking; photography and sketching.
Differences in ornamentation: door decorations, carpets, blan-
kets, etc. Children’s dolls and other toys (collection). Games
of children and adults (recording and photography). Folk medi-
cine, omens, cult of ancestors, rituals with fire, etc. Ceremonies
of weddings, childbirth, funeral, agricultural holidays. Records
of sayings, riddles, historical legends, local and ethnological
legends and fairy tales» [CSAT. Fund 67. Inventory 1. File 70].
As can be seen from the list, the scientific expedition was
intended to cover almost all aspects of life of Turkmen people.
In the days of preparation for it, the leadership of the institute
sent a letter to a famous orientalist, academician V. V. Bar-
told with the request to take the overall leadership of ethno-
logical research. The scientist was at that time on a scientific
mission in Constantinople, from where he wrote a response
letter, in which he said: «Unable to go to Turkmenistan for
personal participation in the planned ethnographic works,
I am ready to be useful to the participants of these works how
I can… For the study of everyday life it would be important
to trace the change in living conditions in all seasons. This
question is not clearly included in the program of work… Of
course, all this is meant» [CSAT. Fund 67. Inventory 1. File
52. From the letter of V. V. Barthold dated July 7, 1926].
In the spring-summer of 1926, from April 19 to June 19,
the first Turkmen scientific ethnological-anthropological expe-
dition that studied life of population of East Turkmenistan was
held. Later it was called Amudarya, as its routes ran, in partic-
ular, in the coastal areas of the Amudarya River, in the districts
Kerki and Gyzylayak. The expeditionary group included eth-
nographers, students-anthropologists, an artist and an inter-
preter. The ethnographer, professor N. V. Bryullova-Shaskol-
skaya led the research of Amudarya expedition. The expedition
teamed up with Sanitary Inspection Unit of People’s Health
Commissariat of Turkmenistan and Red Crescent Society of
the Republic, which turned out to be extremely useful: survey
of everyday life of population, its homes, food and sanitary con-
ditions, marital style, folk medicine was carried out by joint
efforts, and medical work greatly helped to establish contacts
with the population [CSAT. Fund 67. Inventory 1. File 166].
The Amudarya expedition visited thirteen villages of Kerki
and Gyzylayak districts, in each of which stayed for 3–4 days.
In the field diary of N. V. Bryullova-Shaskolskaya there are
descriptions of dwelling houses of those years, clothes and
jewellery of the population:
«Buildings are 2-storeyed, surrounded by high fence, in-
side is the nomad tent… Homespun fabrics — mata — is
used only for men’s robes, women are dressed in robes of var-
iegated factory printed cotton and only high headdresses —
hatabs, often brightly and beautifully embroidered by hand.
Turkmen woman wears much jewellery made of beads and
silver» [CSAT. Fund 67. Inventory 1. File 70].
The results of the expedition were very successful. The re-
search recorded genealogies —
shejere
, folk tales and songs,
described customs and rituals, made many drawings of living
houses, household utensils, clothes and jewellery, wooden
carved doors, pillars, chests. Several silver chest jewellery —
tumars
, as well as handmade children’s toys were handed
over upon arrival at the institute fund.
Thus, the first Turkmen ethnographic expedition favored
the formation in Turkmenistan the science of nations, accu-
mulation of scientific material, application of method of data
collection in the field conditions and their systematization.
On March 14, 1927, the Turkmen Scientific Research In-
stitute was transformed into the Turkmen State Institute of
Culture (Turkmencult). In front of the building of the insti-
tute in Ashgabat, sculptures of «Turkmen» and «Turkmen
woman» were built, the work of Ye. R. Tripolskaya, symbol-
“Young Scientist”
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