If government spending is set at $400 billion, the aggregate demand function
shifts upward to
C
I
G
900
0.5
Y.
The economy moves to point 2,
and aggregate output rises by $800 billion to $1800 billion. Figure 22-5 indicates that
aggregate output is positively related to government spending and that a change in
government spending leads to a multiplied change in aggregate output, equal to
the expenditure multiplier, 1/(1
mpc
)
1/(1
0.5)
2. Therefore, declines in
planned investment spending that produce high unemployment (as occurred during
the Great Depression) can be offset by raising government spending.
What happens if the government decides that it must collect taxes of $400 billion
to balance the budget? Before taxes are raised, the economy is in equilibrium at the
same point 2 found in Figure 22-5. Our discussion of the consumption function (which
allows for taxes) indicates that taxes
T
reduce consumer expenditure by
mpc
T
because there is
T
less income now available for spending. In our example,
mpc
0.5,
so consumer expenditure and the aggregate demand function shift downward by
$200 billion (
0.5
400); at the new equilibrium, point 3, the level of output has
declined by twice this amount (the expenditure multiplier) to $1400 billion.
Although you can see that aggregate output is negatively related to the level
of taxes, it is important to recognize that the change in aggregate output from the
$400 billion increase in taxes (
Y
$400 billion) is smaller than the change in aggre-
gate output from the $400 billion increase in government spending (
Y
$800
billion). If both taxes and government spending are raised equally, by $400 billion, as
occurs in going from point 1 to point 3 in Figure 22-5, aggregate output will rise.
The Keynesian framework indicates that the government can play an impor-
tant role in determining aggregate output by changing the level of government
spending or taxes. If the economy enters a deep recession, in which output drops
severely and unemployment climbs, the analysis we have just developed provides
a prescription for restoring the economy to health. The government might raise
aggregate output by increasing government spending, or it could lower taxes and
reverse the process described in Figure 22-5 (that is, a tax cut makes more income
available for spending at any level of output, shifting the aggregate demand func-
tion upward and causing the equilibrium level of output to rise).
International trade also plays a role in determining aggregate output because
net exports (exports minus imports) are a component of aggregate demand. To
analyze the effect of net exports in the Keynesian cross diagram of Figure 22-6,
suppose that initially net exports are equal to zero (
NX
1
0) so that the
economy is at point 1, where the aggregate demand function
Y
1
ad
C
I
G
NX
1
500
0.5
Y
crosses the 45 line
Y
Y
1
ad
. Equilibrium output is again
at $1000 billion. Now foreigners suddenly get an urge to buy more Canadian
products so that net exports rise to $100 billion (
NX
2
100). The $100 billion
increase in net exports adds directly to aggregate demand and shifts the aggre-
gate demand function upward to
Y
2
ad
C
I
G
NX
2
600
0.5
Y.
The
economy moves to point 2, and aggregate output rises by $200 billion to
$1200 billion (
Y
2
). Figure 22-6 indicates that just as we found for planned invest-
ment spending and government spending, a rise in net exports leads to a
multiplied rise in aggregate output, equal to the expenditure multiplier,
1/(1
mpc
)
1/(1
0.5)
2. Therefore, changes in net exports can be
another important factor affecting fluctuations in aggregate output.
Y
ad
2
C H A P T E R 2 2
The
ISLM
Model
583
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