208
PA R T I I I
Financial Institutions
Canada s Asset-Backed Commercial Paper Saga
FYI
As we noted in Chapter 2, commercial paper
is short-term, unsecured debt issued by cor-
porations, typically for financing accounts
receivable and inventories. Asset-backed
commercial paper, like traditional commercial
paper, is also a short-term security (with a
maturity that is typically less than nine
months). It is issued by conduits (that is,
bankruptcy-remote Special Purpose Vehicles),
but instead of being an unsecured promissory
note, is backed by physical assets such as
mortgages, trade receivables, credit card
receivables, automobile loans and leases,
and other types of assets. Because of this
backing, the quality of the ABCP depends on
the underlying securities and thus ABCP
could be very risky. For example, if there are
negative developments in the underlying
markets, the risk of ABCP will increase and
investors will switch out of ABCP and into
safer money market instruments such as tra-
ditional commercial paper, bankers accep-
tances, and Treasury bills. As a result,
conduits will not be able to roll over their
ABCP and will face a liquidity crunch.
The ABCP market in Canada expanded
very rapidly from the 1990s to 2007. As at
July 31, 2007, the size of the Canadian ABCP
market was $115 billion (equal to about
32.5% of the Canadian money market), of
which $80 billion was bank-sponsored and
$35 billion was non-bank-sponsored. At the
same time, the ABCP market in the United
States was approximately US$1.2 trillion,
equal to about 50% of the U.S. commercial
paper market. Bank-sponsored ABCP con-
duits are invested in plain vanilla assets
such as residential mortgages and credit card
receivables. Non-bank-sponsored ABCP con-
duits are invested in structured finance assets
such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs)
and subprime mortgages. Canadian banks are
involved in the distribution of ABCP and also
provide liquidity back-stop facilities to non-
bank-sponsored ABCP conduits under the
so-called general market disruption clause.
In August of 2007, investors in the
Canadian ABCP market declined to roll over
maturing notes because of concerns about
exposure to the U.S. subprime mortgage sec-
tor in the underlying assets. As a result, the
market was divided into those ABCP con-
duits that could honour their obligations
(bank-sponsored) and those that could not
honour
their
obligations
(non-bank-
sponsored). In the case of bank-sponsored
ABCP, the Big Six banks took back onto their
balance sheets significant amounts of their
own sponsored ABCP. Moreover, valuation
and fair-value issues led to significant write
downs in the fourth quarter of 2007 and the
first quarter of 2008. In the case of non-bank-
sponsored ABCP, a number of conduits faced
significant liquidity shortages, seeking liquid-
ity funding support from their liquidity
providers (banks). However, major liquidity
providers denied requests for liquidity
support, arguing that the general market dis-
ruption
clause was not met. They inter-
preted the clause to mean that the majority of
the conduits in the entire Canadian ABCP
market would need to be unable to roll over
before a liquidity provider had to step in. As
a result, the Canadian non-bank-sponsored
ABCP market froze and investors, including
Quebec s huge pension fund,
Caisse de d p t
et placement du Qu bec
, Alberta s ATB
Financial, the National Bank of Canada, and
about 2000 individual small investors, had
their cash frozen in non-bank-sponsored
ABCP.
At the time, the Bank of Canada indicated
that it would not accept ABCP as collateral
for loans to banks and that a solution from
participants in the ABCP market was deemed
to be appropriate. As a result, major market
participants, including non-bank-sponsored
ABCP conduits, institutional investors, liquid-
ity providers (ABN AMRO Group, HSBC,
Deutsche Bank, Merrill Lynch, Barclays
Capital), and the Affected Trusts, reached an
agreement on August 16, 2007, known as the
In March of 2008, Bear Stearns, the fifth-largest investment bank in the U.S., which
had invested heavily in subprime-related securities, had a run on its funding and
was forced to sell itself to J.P. Morgan for less than 5% of what it was worth just a
year earlier. In order to broker the deal, the Federal Reserve had to take over
US$30 billion of Bear Stearns hard-to-value assets. In July, Fannie Mae and Freddie
Mac, the two privately owned government-sponsored enterprises that together
insured over US$5 trillion of mortgages or mortgage-backed assets, had to be
propped up by the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve after suffering substan-
tial losses from their holdings of subprime securities. In early September 2008 they
were then put into conservatorship (in effect run by the government).
Worse events were still to come. On Monday, September 15, 2008, after suf-
fering losses in the subprime market, Lehman Brothers, the fourth-largest U.S.
investment bank by asset size (with over $600 billion in assets and 25 000 employ-
ees), filed for bankruptcy, making it the largest bankruptcy filing in U.S. history.
The day before, Merrill Lynch, the third-largest investment bank (which also suf-
fered large losses on its holding of subprime securities), announced its sale to
Bank of America for a price 60% below its price a year earlier. On Tuesday,
September 16, AIG, an insurance giant with assets over US$1 trillion, suffered an
extreme liquidity crisis when its credit rating was downgraded. It had written over
US$400 billion of insurance contracts called credit default swaps that had to make
payouts on possible losses from subprime mortgage securities. The Federal
Reserve then stepped in with a US$85 billion loan to keep AIG afloat (later
increased to US$150 billion).
Also on September 16, as a result of its losses from exposure to Lehman
Brothers debt, the Reserve Primary Fund, a large money market mutual fund with
over US$60 billion of assets, broke the buck
that is, it could no longer redeem
its shares at the par value of $1. A run on money market funds then ensued, with
the U.S. Treasury putting in place a temporary guarantee for all money market
mutual fund redemptions in order to stem withdrawals. On September 25, 2008,
Washington Mutual (WAMU), the sixth-largest bank in the United States with over
US$300 billion in assets, was put into receivership by the FDIC and sold to J.P.
Morgan, making it the largest bank failure in U.S. history.
C H A P T E R 9
Financial Crises and the Subprime Meltdown
209
Montreal
Accord.
Under
the
Montreal
Accord, investors agreed to a standstill
period (initially 60 days, to October 16, 2007,
extended three times to February 22, 2008),
with the objective of restructuring the frozen
ABCP into long-term floating rate notes with
maturities matching the maturities of the
underlying assets in the conduits. However,
the agreement had to be renegotiated again
16 months later, in December 2008, with the
participation of the federal government and
three provinces (Ontario, Quebec, and
Alberta), where publicly owned institutions
held over $20 billion of frozen non-bank-
sponsored ABCP. Small investors (holding
less than $1 million of the paper) were fully
paid out in cash by the brokerage firms that
had sold them the paper, whereas the larger
investors were given bonds. The final cost of
the ABCP restructuring was in excess of
$200 million in fees, with the big investors
footing the bill.
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