expected to prevail one period in the future. To differentiate forward rates derived
these numbers into Equation 4 yields the following estimate of the forward rate
Not surprisingly, this 6% forward rate is identical to the expected one-year inter-
lation here is just another way of looking at the pure expectations theory.
C H A P T E R 6
The Risk and Term Structure of Interest Rates
135
Continuing with these calculations, we obtain the general solution for the forward
rate
n
periods into the future:
i
e
t
n
1
(5)
Our discussion indicated that the expectations theory is not entirely satisfactory
because investors must be compensated with liquidity premiums to induce them
to hold longer-term bonds. Hence, we need to modify our analysis, as we did
when discussing the liquidity premium theory, by allowing for these liquidity pre-
miums in estimating predictions of future interest rates.
Recall from the discussion of those theories that because investors prefer to
hold short-term rather than long-term bonds, the
n
-period interest rate differs from
that indicated by the pure expectations theory by a liquidity premium of
*
nt
. So to
allow for liquidity premiums, we need merely subtract
*
nt
from
i
nt
in our formula
to derive
i
e
t
n
:
i
e
t
n
1
(6)
This measure of
i
e
t
n
is referred to, naturally enough, as the
adjusted forward-rate
forecast
.
In the case of
i
e
t
1
, Equation 6 produces the following estimate:
i
e
t
1
Using the example from the Liquidity Premium Theory Application on page 128,
at time
t
the
*
2
t
liquidity premium is 0.25%,
*
1
t
= 0, the one-year interest rate is 5%,
and the two-year interest rate is 5.75%. Plugging these numbers into our equation
yields the following adjusted forward-rate forecast for one period in the future:
i
e
t
1
which is the same as the expected interest rate used in the Application on expec-
tations theory, as it should be.
Our analysis of the term structure thus provides managers of financial institu-
tions with a fairly straightforward procedure for producing interest-rate forecasts.
First they need to estimate
*
nt
, the values of the liquidity premiums for various
n.
Then they need merely apply the formula in Equation 6 to derive the market s fore-
casts of future interest rates.
=
1
1
+
0.0575
-
0.0025
2
2
1
+
0.05
-
1
=
0.06
=
6%
=
1
1
+
i
2
t
-
*
2
t
2
2
1
+
i
t
-
1
(1
i
n
1
t
*
n
1
t
)
n
1
(1
i
nt
*
nt
)
n
(1
i
n
1
t
)
n
1
(1
i
nt
)
n