Ministry of the higher and secondary special education of the republic of uzbekistan state world languages university

seme
(or semantic feature) and the 
sememe
,
defmed as a complex or configuration of semes, which corresponds to 
a single sense of a lexeme. Sometimes the complete meaning of a lexeme is 
called a 
semanteme. 
However, up to Cruse a precise term was missing in 
lexicology and lexical semantics for the combination of a specific form with a 
single sense, i.e. a full linguistic sign in Saussure's sense.
In the following text of this dissertation we will distinguish two 
lexical 
units
for example in the case of inchoative and causative verbs, or the literal and 
figurative meaning of a noun.
1
Thus, there are clearly two distinct 
lexical units 
break
1 
'
BECOME NOT WHOLE
'
and 
break
2 
'
CAUSE BECOME NOT WHOLE
'
and 
fox
1
, 
'animal ...' 
and fox 
2 
'person ...'.
The introduction of the notion 
lexical unit
has serious consequences for 
the distinction between synonyms, as well as in homonymy and polysemy. It 
67
Lipka L. An outline of English Lexicology. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tubingen, 1990. – p. 130-132 
68
Cruse D. A. Lexical Semantics, CUP, 1986.- p. 49-89 

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must be recognized, however, that paradigmatic as well as syntagmatic 
relations between words are a matter of 
lexical units
,
not of 
lexemes, 
because 
senses
are created by separate lexical units, used in concrete contexts, not 
lexemes as a set of lexical units.
On the assumption of this, let’s look at the definitions of the semantic 
structure of smart in several dictionaries (I-V). Each 
lexical unit 
(lexico-
semantic variant, by Smirnitsky’s terminology
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, which is wider accepted and 
used in Russian linguistics) is marked by Arabic numbers: (1), 2), 3), etc. 
Every language has in its vocabulary a lot of words different in their 
phonetic shape, usage, collocation valency and connotations but more or less 
similar in meanings due to the fact that their denotational reference is close or 
even sometimes identical. Such words are called synonyms, and represent vast 
spaces in the vocabulary.
The examples are numerous, but herewith we suggest a list of some of 
such lexical units: 
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