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OSCAR WILDE
(1854 - 1900)
Oscar Wilde was regarded as the leader of the aesthetic movement, but many of his
works do not follow his decadent theory “art for art’s sake”, they sometimes even
contradict it. In fact, the best of them are closer to Romanticism and Realism.
Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin on October 16, 1854. His father was a famous
Irish surgeon. His mother was well known in Dublin as a writer. At school and
later at the Oxford University Oscar displayed a considerable gift for art and
creative work. The young man received a number of classical prizes, and graduated
with first-class honors. After graduating from the University, Wilde turned his
attention to writing, traveling and lecturing. The Aesthetic Movement became
popular, and Oscar Wilde earned the reputation of being the leader of the
movement.
Oscar Wilde gained popularity in the genre of comedy of manners. The aim of
social comedy, according to Wilde, is to mirror the manners, not to re-form the
morals of its day. Art in general, Wilde stated, is in no way connected with the
reality of life; real life incarnates neither social nor moral values. It is the artist’s
fantasy that produces the refined and the beautiful. So it is pointless to demand that
there be any similarity between reality and its depiction in art. Thus, he was a
supporter of the “art-for-art’s sake” doctrine.
In his plays the author mainly dealt with the life of educated people of refined
tastes. Belonging to the privileged layer of society they spent their time in
entertainments. In “The Importance of Being Earnest” the author shows what
useless lives his characters are leading. Some of them are obviously caricatures,
but their outlook and mode of behavior truly characterize London’s upper crust.
Wilde rebels against their limitedness, strongly opposes hypocrisy, but, being a
representative of an upper class himself, was too closely connected with the society
he made fun of; that is why his opposition bears no effective resistance.
The most popular works of the author are “The Happy Prince and Other Tales”
(1888), “The Picture of Dorian Gray” (1891), and the come-dies “Lady
Windermere’s Fan” (1892). “A Woman of No Importance” (1893), “An Ideal
Husband” (1895), “The Importance of Being Earnest” (1895). At the height of his
popularity and success a tragedy struck. He was accused of immorality and
sentenced to two years’ imprisonment. When released from prison in 1897 he lived
mainly on the Continent and later in Paris. In 1898 he published his powerful
poem, “Ballad of Reading Gaol”. He died in Paris in 1900.
“The Picture of Dorian Gray” is the only novel written by Oscar Wilde. It is
centered round problems of relationship between art and reality. In the novel the
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author describes the spiritual life of a young man and touches upon many
important problems of contemporary life: morality, art and beauty. At the
beginning of the novel we see an inexperienced youth, a kind and innocent young
man. Dorian is influenced by two men with sharply contrasting characters: Basil
Hallward and Lord Henry Wotton. The attitude of these two towards the young
man shows their different approach to life, art and beauty. The author shows the
gradual degradation of Dorian Gray. The end of the book is a contradiction to
Wilde’s decadent theory. The fact that the portrait acquired its former beauty and
Dorian Gray “withered, wrinkled and loathsome of visage” lay on the floor with a
knife in his heart, shows the triumph of real beauty - a piece of art created by an
artist, a unity of beautiful form and content. Besides that, it conveys the idea that
real beauty cannot accompany an immoral life.
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