DANIEL DEFOE
(1660-1731)
Daniel Defoe (Foe) was born in London in 1660. His father was a well-to-do
butcher. Defoe’s biography is typical of energetic and enterprising man of that
epoch. Hi tried his luck in many professions, but failed everywhere because he was
more interested in politics than in business.
His first political pamphlet was “The True-Born Englishman” (1701) in which he
exposes the aristocracy and tyranny of the church. A year later he wrote the
pamphlet aimed against the official church. The House of Commons ordered to
burn the pamphlet. Defoe was arrested and placed in the public square before
imprisonment.
He published political and literary magazine “The Review of the Affairs of France
and of all Europe” (1704-1713) which was written entirely by Defoe himself. The
figure of an enlightener who stood for the rights of common people rises from the
pages of Defoe’s best essays and pamphlets published in the magazine. He laid
bare the vices of the ruling classes and expressed belief in human reason and
knowledge.
The year 1719 marked a new period in Defoe’s literary activity. At the age of 60 he
published his first novel “Robinson Crusoe” – the book on which his fame mainly
rests to the present day. The development of industry and trade brought to the fore
men of a new stamp who had to be reflected in the new literature (the story of
Alexander Selkirk).
The novel is the first book that glorifies the human creative labor. The image of an
enterprising Englishman of the 18
th
century was created by Daniel Defoe in this
book. Robinson is a toiler but a typical bourgeois at the same time. Robinson is the
first positive image of a bourgeois in literature. He reflects the progressive role of
bourgeoisie in the epoch of its flourishing. If now we perceive the book as an
adventurous novel, people of the 18
th
century perceived it as a work of full great
social and philosophical sense. This book was one of the forerunners of the English
18
th
century realistic novel.
His other novels are: “Captain Singleton” (1720), “Moll Flanders” (1722),
“Colonel Jack” (1722), “Roxana” (1724), “A Journal of the Plague Year” (1722).
The principle problem of the Enlightenment – influence of society on man’s nature
– stands in the centre of all these novels. The writers and philosophers of the
Enlightenment believed that man is good and noble by nature but many succumb to
the evil environment.
21
In his novels Defoe also shows with great realism how life and social surrounding
spoil people. Poverty breeds crime. Thus in “Colonel Jack” Defoe with warmth
and sympathy depicts a poor boy, who being honest and kind by nature, becomes a
thief when he is faced with the alternative either to steal or to starve.
Defoe selected secular subject banished allegory, his fictions were easily mistaken
for narrations of facts.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |