Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic uzbekistan state world languages university



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Segmental phonology studies phonemes realized in various speech sound. Therefore, it may be called phonemics.

  • Suprasegmental phonology (prosodies) studies the distinctive features realized in syllables, stress and intonation.

  • The Prague linguistic school was the center of phonological typology in its time. N.S. Trubetskoy is considered the founder of typology of phonological system (theory of distinctive features).

  • Word stress or accent is usually defined as the degree of force or prominence with which a sound or syllable is uttered. Languages differ with word stress placement and degrees of it.

  • Intonation is a complex unity of speech melody, sentence stress, tempo of speech, rhythm of speech, voice tember and pausation that enables the speaker to express his thoughts, feelings and emotions.

  • When phonemes are pronounced in words, they change their place of articulation or their features, this process is called assimilation.

  • Dissimilation is the process by which one of two similar or identical sounds in a word becomes less like the other, such as the / in English marble (from French marbre).

  • Reduction refers to various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels, which are related to changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or position.

  • Accent is a relative prominence of a particular syllable of a word by greater intensity or by variation or modulation of pitch or tone.

  • Rhythm is the pattern or flow of sound created by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in accentual verse or of long and short syllables in quantitative verse.

  • Pysiological-acoustic is a branch of acoustics that studies the structure and  branch   function of the sound-detecting and sound-forming organs of man andanimals.


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