Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic uzbekistan state world languages university

2.2.2. English and Native languages consonant phonemes

The inventory of phonemes is a starting point in comparative-typological analysis. Typological analysis aims at describing structural units, i.e. phonemes which function as formal items in the identification and distinction of words and morphemes.

The inventory of the English consonants consist of 24 phonemes.
[p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [m], [n], [ŋ], [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [h], [tʃ], [dʒ], [j], [w], [r], [l].
The inventory of the Uzbek consonants consist of 25 phonemes.
[б], [в], [г], [д], [ж1], [j2],[(dj)], [з], [й], [к], [л], [м], [н], [п], [р], [с], [т], [ф], [x], [ч], [ш], [қ], [ғ], [ҳ], [ц].
The inventory of the Russian consonants consist of 36 phonemes.
[б], [б’] [в], [в’] [г], [г’] [д], [д’] [ж] [з], [з’] [й'] [к], [к’] [л], [л’] [м], [м’] [н], [н’] [п], [п’] [р], [р’] [с], [с’] [т], [т’] [ф], [ф’] [х], [х’] [ц] [ч’] [ш] [щ’].
The consonant system of all compared languages are classified according to the articulatory and acoustic features.
The general phonetic principles of classification of consonants in compared languages are as follows:

1. 
   The place of articulation
   
2. 
   the manner of production;
   
3. 
   the presence or absence of voice;
   
4. 
   the position of the soft palate;
   

Similarity and differences between them can be seen in the tables below:

The place of articulation
English	Uzbek	Russian
bilabial	labial	labial
labiodentals	lingual	labial-dental
dental	glottal	foredental
alveolar		dental
postalveolar
palatal
velar
uvular
pharyngeal
glottal
retroflex

	The manner of production
	English	Uzbek	Russian
1.	occlusive	explosive	Fricative: a) middle fricative b) side fricative
2.	constrictive (fricative)	affricates	Occlusive: a) explosive b) affricates c) implosive d) nasal
3.	occlusive-constrictive (affricates)	implosive	Vibrant
4.	rolled	nasal
5.		vibrant

the presence or absence of voice
English	Uzbek	Russian
Voiced	Voiced	Voiced
Voiceless	Voiceless	Voiceless

the position of the soft palate
English	Uzbek	Russian
Sonorant	Sonorant	Sonorant
Noise consonants	Noise consonants	Noise consonants

According to the palatalization of the tongue, only Russian language has soft and hard consonants.

Professor U. Yusupov differentiates some consonants in the following way. The English consonants [t] and [d] are alveolar speech sounds, whereas their Uzbek counterparts [т] and [д] are dental ones. The English [w], in contrast with Uzbek [в], is pronounced with protruded lips. Also, in Uzbek the voiced consonants [б] and [д] become voiceless at the end of words, which is alien to English: мактаб-мактап.
The consonants [ө,ð,w] can’t be found in Uzbek. Likewise, the Uzbek consonants [x, ғ, қ] do not exist in English. Moreover, Russian [ж], [й'] phonemes also cannot be found in English phoneme system.
Questions for self-control:

1. What is a vowel sound?

2. What are the group of vowels according to the articulatory level?
3. How do the consonants change on the articulatory level?
4. What are the four groups of consonants according to the manner of articulation?
5. What is the difference between occlusive and constrictives
6. How are the Russian rolled consonants [р, р’] are produced?
7. Name the consonant groups according to the place of articulation.
Recommended Literatures:

1. 
   Аракин В.Д. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков. Ленинград, 1979.
   
2. 
   David Crystal. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.
   
3. 
   Yusupov U.K. Contrastive linguistics of the English and Uzbek languages. Tashkent, 2013.
   
4. 
   Abduazizov A. A. Phonology and morphonology of Uzbek language. Tashkent, 2010.
   
5. 
   Abduazizov A. A. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course. Tashkent, 2007.
   
6. 
   Оливериус, З. Фонетика русского языка. Praha : SPN, 1978.
   
7. 
   Лизалова, Л. И. Упражнения по фонетике современного русского языка. Брно : МУ, 1991.
   

8. Jamolxonov H. Hozirgi o‘zbek adabiy tili. Toshkent, 2005.
9. Ranmatullayev Sh. Hozirgi adabiy O‘zbek tili. Toshkent, 2007.
2.3. Typological characteristics of English and Native languages phonological systems


2.3.1. English and Native languages Stress

Word stress or accent is usually defined as the degree of force or prominence with which a sound or syllable is uttered. Languages differ with word stress placement and degrees of it.

In the Turkic languages, particularly in Uzbek, word stress usually falls on the final syllable.
English, Uzbek and Russian are called stress languages or languages with dynamic stress (force stress), in which intensity is more significant than the other correlates-duration and pitch.
Stress can be divided in all compared languages as follows:
In English:

In Russian:

In Uzbek:




The features of these three languages can be seen from the tables above. In English, the word stress is fixed, while in Uzbek it is movable and it often falls to the right side to the suffixes:
Eng. `teach - `teach +er, - `teach+ing
Uzb. `иш – иш+`чи – ишчи+`лар – ишчилар+`да – ишчиларда+`ми?
Some words of collective pronouns (such as ҳамма, барча) of Uzbek are considered as exceptions, because in these pronouns stress is fixed: ҳ`амма – ҳ`амма+га –ҳ`амма+дан.
On the contrary, with these two languages Russian stress can be distinguished with its free (can be in a any part of a word: ку́хонный, экспе́ртный, проходно́й) and mobility (can change its place in different forms of a word: нача́ть, на́чал, начала́, на́чали) features.
In all compared languages have two equal stresses: `mid`night, `black`board, `home`sick etc., in Uzbek: те`мир`йўл, боғ`ишам`ол etc., in Russian: кля́твопреступле́ние, о́колозе́мный, ви́це-президе́нт etc.
Stress is one of the ways of word building in these compared languages:
Eng.: `present (noun) – pre`sent (verb), `expert (noun) – ex`pert (verb).
Uzb.: `олма (noun) – ол`ма (verb), `сузма (noun) – суз`ма (verb).
Rus.: заброни́ровать (место в гостинице) – забронирова́ть (орудие), сме́лый (adj.) - смела́ (noun).