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The typological theory defines common linguistic notions used in Comparative Typology. The typological theory is used to define language isomorphism (common features ) and allomorphism (differentiating signs).
Branches of Comparative Typology in the line with the levels
of language hierarchy
Comparative Typology operates at all levels of language hierarchy without exception. In other words, it can compare the units of phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical levels.
In comparison with other levels the given level is more isolated and at the same time, its sections are more developed from the typological point of view. Inside the phonological level, actually phonological and phonetic sublevels are identified.
Phonetic and Phonological Typology deals with the comparison of units of the phonological level of a language. It engages in the allocation of phonological differential signs, defining their universality, study of the phonological structure of languages, classification of languages on the basis of their phonological features (e.g. tonic and atonic languages), defining the phonemic structure of world languages and many others. For a long time, the Prague linguistic school was the center of Phonological Typology.
A certain contribution to the development of Phonological Typology was made by N.S.Trubetskoy who is considered the founder of Typology of Phonological systems. R.Yakobson, G.Fant, M.Halle also worked in this area. Later on other sides of Phonological Typology were developed by such scholars as Ch. Hockett, K.Vegelin, T.Milevsky, P.Menzerat, V.Skalichka, A.Martine, M.I.Lekomtseva, Abduazizov A.A., G.P.Melnikov and others.
Major achievements of Phonological Typology relate to the allocated cases of phonological universals, N.S.Trubetskoy's differential signs, I.Kramskoy, P.Kovaleva's quantitative criteria, supra-segmental typological classification on tone and accent by A.Martine's, numerous researches on a comparison of phonological systems of various languages.
The circle of research in Morphological Typology is very wide. It compares the units of a morphological level. Depending on the character of research the morphological typology can be classified into two types:
Morphological Typology engaged in the morphological classification
of languages;
Morphological Typology engaged in particular questions of grammar, i.e. parts of speech and their grammatical categories.
The first one is a continuation of traditional typological classification engaged in defining language types according to different principles and criteria.
The second type of Morphological Typology deals with private/individual subjects of comparison: grammatical categories in various languages, defining ways of their expression, morphological markers, synonymous relations of affixational morphemes and syntactic words (prepositions and postpositions), comparison of primary grammatical categories/parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, numerals and others), comparison of grammatical categories of certain lexical and grammatical categories of words (case, number, definiteness, transitivity - intransitivity, time, aspect, causation, mood, modality, etc.). Morphemes may serve major units of measurement in Morphological Typology.
Morphological Typology compares the specified phenomena in the systems of both related and non-related languages. The comparison might include revealing morphological universals as well as a binary comparison of two languages. Morphological Typology has accumulated a serious bulk of data both for Comparative typology and on separate concrete languages. Major scholars who dealt with the issues of Morphological Typology are R.Yakobson, L. E Jеlmsiev, L.N.Zasorina, B.A.Uspenskiy, M.M.Gukhman, P.L Garvina and many others.
Syntactic Typology engages in a comparison of syntactic level units. The basic units for comparison are phrase and a sentence. Depending on the character of research Syntactic Typology may fall into several sections: comparison of units of a phrase, the level of the sentence, as well as comparison of units of various levels with regards to their syntactic functioning. Syntactic Typology usually compares languages on the basis of a transformational syntax.
Still, there is no comprehensive list of topics related to the subject matter of Syntactic Typology. Some of them are: definition of the subject-matter and volume of Syntactic Typology, elaboration of basic criteria and a meta language, border lines between syntactic typology and other branches of Comparative Typology, defining syntactic universals, study of syntax of world languages (genetically or structurally related languages), definition of types of syntactic connection (attributive, predicative, etc.), definition of sentence types in languages, basic syntactic categories, classification of types of languages on the basis of their syntactic structure and many others.
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