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1.2 The modern methods of learning 4 basic skills
According to Filatov (2004), effective language training includes all four language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing. All of them are important and can not give preference to only certain types when learning a foreign language. But it is an aid in the capture of oral language and reading. It should be borne in mind that when we talk about writing as an independent form of speech activity, then it is about writing. The purpose of learning to write in this context - to teach students to write in a foreign language are the same texts that an educated person is able to write in their native language, and any text written by the author - is the expression of ideas in graphic form [11,275].
The main skill of FL learners is writing.
A writing system is an organized regular method (typically standardized) of information storage and transfer for the communication of messages (expressing thoughts or ideas) in a language by visually (or possibly tactilely) encoding and decoding (known as writing and reading) with a set of signs or symbols, both known generally as characters (with the set collective referred to as a 'script'). These characters, often including letters and numbers, are usually recorded onto a durable medium such as paper or electronic storage/display, although non-durable methods may also be used, such as writing in sand or skywriting [3].
William Casllon (1727) said that a writing system would typically have a method for formatting recorded messages that follows the spoken version's rules like its grammar and syntax so that the reader would have the meaning of the intended message accurately preserved [12,3]. Writing systems were preceded by proto-writing, which used pictograms, ideograms and other mnemonic symbols. Proto-writing lacked the ability to capture and express a full range of thoughts and ideas. The invention of writing systems, which dates back to the beginning of the Bronze Age in the late Neolithic Era of the late 4th millennium BCE, enabled the accurate durable recording of human history in a manner that was not prone to the same types of error to which oral history is vulnerable. Soon after, it provided a reliable form of long distance communication. And with the advent of publishing, it provided the medium for an early form of mass communication. Secure written communications were also made more reliable with the invention of encryption. Writing came to around 3300 BC in Sumer, in 3000 BC in Egypt by 2000 BC China. In all regions, this process was the same pattern: pattern - the icon - character - alphabet (the latter came from the Phoenicians in the 1st millennium BC) [3]. Hieroglyphic writing has led to particularly thinking of the East, the ability to think in symbols. Character does not transmit sound words, and conditionally shows an object or an abstract sign - the symbol of the concept. A complex character consists of more simple elements, endowed with its own value. Moreover, these values may be several.
The inscriptions found on the walls of the Tombs, on bricks, clay tablets, parchments. Egyptian papyri, sometimes reaching 30 - 40 m length. In the ruins of ancient palaces are whole libraries. During the excavation of Nineveh found 25,000 clay tablets belonging to the Assyrian king Ashshurbanipalu. This is a collection of laws, reports of spies, decisions on judicial matters, medical prescriptions [3].
Bicilli (1997) wrote that writing in Greek culture XXII-XII centuries played a limited role. Like many people of the world, the people of Greece first started making records picturesque, well-known in the second half of the III millennium Every sign of pictographic writing meant the whole concept. Cretans are some signs, however, few have created under the influence of Egyptian writing ierograficheskogo arising in IV th gradually forms are simplified characters, and some has come to signify only syllables [13,55].
Such a linear letter syllabary, formed as early as 1700 called the letter A, which is still not solved. After 1500 in Hellas has developed a more convenient form of writing - syllabary V. It included about half of the syllabic signs the letter A, dozens of new characters, as well as some signs of ancient picturesque writing.
In the middle of the first millennium AD, the Turkic-speaking peoples have used their own writing system, called runic writing. The first information about the runic inscriptions appear in Russia at the end of the XVIII century.russian and foreign scientists have copied and posted some samples of ancient Turkic runic inscriptions.
According to recent studies, the runic writing was born before our era, perhaps in Saka time. In the III-V in, BC, there are two options runic - Hun and east that existed on the territory of Zhetisu and Mongolia. In the VI-VII centuries. based on the latter develops ancient Turkic writing, called Orkhon-Yenisey [3].
Trubetskoi said that hun runic script was the basis for the development of Bulgarian and Khazar writing, and writing and Kangars Kipchak. The main material for writing in Turkic-speaking peoples were wooden plank [14,60].
A. Budagov (1975) defines a theory of writing - written speech. Written speech includes two types of speech activities: productive (writing) and receptive (reading). Written speech has no means of sound and intonation. Writing and written speech act primarily as a means and a goal of teaching, while learning a foreign language.
Written speech is also a basic form of existence of speech in the scientific, journalistic, formal, business and artistic styles [15,4].
Veretennikova A.E. (2007) distinguishes several types of writing based on research in the university of Southwest Louisiana. The first type of writing is used when there is a need to think about anything or share a personal experience with someone. It includes journal, diary, memories, writing. The second type is associated with the need to share information about famous people, places, events. This type includes interviews, reports, eyewitness stories, poems. The third type is represented creative aspects, such as stories, poems, jokes. The fourth type - is reflective writing, which presents some experience writing. It includes creative essays, editorials, commentary.
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