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that is words with the same spelling but pronounced differently, For example
«
bow» -/bau/ - «
поклон» and /bou/ -“
луг”;
homophones that is words pronounced
identically but spelled differently,
For example. «night» - “
ночь”
and
«knight» -
«
pыцар».
Another classification was suggested by A.I Smirnitsky. He added to Skeat's
classification one more criterion: grammatical meaning. He subdivided the group
of perfect homonyms in Skeat's classification into two types of homonyms: perfect
which are identical in their spelling, pronunciation and their grammar form, such
as :
«spring» in the meanings: the season of the year, a leap, a source, and
homoforms which coincide in their spelling and pronunciation but have different
grammatical meaning,
For example. «reading» - Present Participle, Gerund,
Verbal noun., to lobby - lobby .
A more detailed classification was given by I.V. Arnold. She classified only
perfect homonyms and suggested four criteria of their classification: lexical
meaning, grammatical meaning, basic forms and paradigms.
According to these criteria I.V. Arnold pointed out the following groups: a)
homonyms identical in their grammatical meanings, basic forms and paradigms
and different in their lexical meanings,
For example. «board» in the meanings «a
council)) and « a piece of wood sawn thin»; b) homonyms identical in their
grammatical meanings and basic forms, different in their lexical meanings and
paradigms,
For example. to lie - lied - lied, and to lie - lay - lain; c) homonyms
different in their lexical meanings, grammatical meanings, paradigms, but
coinciding in their basic forms,
For example. «light» / «lights»/, «light» /
«lighter», «lightest»/; d) homonyms different in their lexical meanings,
grammatical meanings, in their basic forms and paradigms, but coinciding in one
of the forms of their paradigms,
For example. «a bit» and «bit» (from «to bite»).
In I. V. Arnold's classification there are also patterned homonyms, which,
differing from other homonyms, have a common component in their lexical
meanings. These are homonyms formed either by means of conversion, or by
levelling of grammar inflexions. These homonyms are different in their grammar
meanings, in their paradigms, identical in their basic forms
For example. «warm» -
«to warm». Here we can also have unchangeable patterned homonyms which have
identical basic forms, different grammatical meanings, a common component in
their lexical meanings,
For example. «before» an adverb, a conjunction, a
preposition. There are also homonyms among unchangeable words which are
different in their lexical and grammatical meanings, identical in their basic foms,
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