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The possibility of defective definitions has also generated criticisms, more
direct than above, on the potential usefulness of a dictionary. One hand, definitions
are viewed as "deficient in the presentation of relevant data" since they provide
meanings by using "substitutable words (i.e. synonyms), rather than by listing
distinctive features" (Nida 1975: 172). On another hand, the proliferation of
meanings attached to an entry is viewed as only a case of "apparent polysemy"
which obscures the more general meaning of a lexeme by the addition of
"redundant features already determined by the environment" (Bennett 1975: 4-11).
Both objections may have much validity and to that extent would necessitate
revisions to individual or sets of definitions.
However, neither viewpoint is sufficient to preclude an analysis of what
actually appears in any dictionary. It is possible that a comprehensive analysis
might more readily surface such difficulties and make their amelioration (and the
consequent improvement of definitions) that much easier.
Even though dictionaries are viewed somewhat askance by many who study
meaning, it seems that this viewpoint is influenced more by the difficulty of
systematically tapping their contents than by any substantive objections which
conclusively establish them as useless repositories of semantic content. However,
it is necessary to demonstrate that; systematic approach exists and can yield useful
results.
Some attempts have been made to probe the nature and structure of
dictionary definitions. A review of relevant aspects of two such studies will help
the material presented here stand out in sharper relief.
We started with the assumption that the English vocabulary comprises all the
words and phraseological units existing in the language. The term "phraseological
unit", however, is rather vague and allows of interpretation. If term is to be taken
as including any "idiomatic expression" the meaning of which cannot be directly
inferred from the meaning of its components, then all kind of various lexical items
ranging from two-word groups of type give up, take in,
etc. to proverbs and
sayings
For example. its the early birds that catches the worm, that is where the
shoe pinches, etc., would have to be listed as separate vocabulary entries, thus
greatly increasing the number of vocabulary units in English.
Another problem in Lexicology is connented with phraseological units as
best man (noun equivalent), at length (adverb equivalent). They should be treated
as individual vocabulary units; other types of the so-called idiomatic expressions
are treated in the entries devoted to the component words of the idiomatic
expressions.
Another debatable problem is the problem of homonymy, especially lexico-
grammatical homonymy. If it is held by, the compiler that identical sound-forms,
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