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There are the names of American animals, institutions and others. 4.English
borrowed Indian words not directly but in their Spanish, French, Denmark forms.
Chocolate, potato, tomatoo,
canoe
Neologism is any word which is formed according to the productive
structural patterns or borrowed from another language and felt by the speakers as
something new. So neologisms are newly coined words or phrase or a new
meaning for an existing word or a word borrowed from another language. As a
result of the development of science and industry many new words appeared in the
language.
For example. isotope, tape-recorder, supermarket, V-day (Victory day).
The research of cosmic space gave birth to new words: sputnik, lunik, space-
rocket, space - ship.
Neologisms may be divided into;
1) root words:
For example. jeep — a small light motor vehicle, zebra — street
crossing place, sputnik, lunik etc;
2) derived words;
For example. collaborationist — one who in occupied territory
works helpfully with the enemy, to accessorize — to provide with dress
accessories;
3) compound:
For example. space — rocket, air —drop, microfilm-reader. New
words are as a rule monosemantic. Terms, used in various fields of science and
technique make the greater part of neologisms. New words belong only to the
notional parts of speech: to nouns, verbs, adjectives etc.
Neologisms are mainly formed by: 1) wordformation (mainly productive
type).
For example.-gen, -ogen: carinogen (biological term)
-ics:
psycholinguistics, electronics sputnik — to sputnik (conversion)
— nik: filmnik, folknik.
2) semantic extension: heel — a tractor (old meaning: heel — the back part of
foot); to screen — to classify, to select methodically (old meaning was — to
separate coal into different sizes);
3) borrowing; telecast, telestar (Greek), sputnik, lunnik, udarnik (Russian).
Words may drop out as a result of the disappearance of the actual objects
they denote. These words are called obsolete words.
The disappearance of words may be caused as a result of influence of borrowings.
For examplethe Scandinavian «take» and «die» ousted 0. E. niman and sweldan.
The French «army» and «place» replaced the O. E. here and steps.
Words which are not used generally are called archaisms. Archaisms are
used in poetic vocabulary.
Ex, steed (horse), slay (kill), welkin (sky) Archaisms
should be distinguished from historical terms or historisms which denote
historical reality and commonly used in modern English.
For examplecannon- ball, chain mail, lance, archer, baldric (belt for a sword).
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