Microsoft Word Kurzweil, Ray The Singularity Is Near doc

The Four Hundred
, http://www.midrangeserver.com/tfh/tfh120103-
story05.html). By June 2004, the Blue Gene/L prototype systems appeared for the first time on the list of top 
ten supercomputers. IBM press release, "IBM Surges Past HP to Lead in Global Supercomputing," 
http://www.research.ibm.com/bluegene. 
43.
This type of network is also called peer-to-peer, many-to-many, and "multihop," In it, nodes in the network 
can be connected to all the other nodes or to a subset, and there are multiple paths through meshed nodes to 
each destination. These networks are highly adaptable and self-organizing. "The signature of a mesh network 
is that there is no central orchestrating device. Instead, each node is outfitted with radio communications gear 
and acts as a relay point for other nodes." Sebastian Rupley, "Wireless: Mesh Networks," 
PC Magazine
, July 
1,2003, http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0, 1759,1139094,00.asp; Robert Poor, "Wireless Mesh Networks," 
Sensors Online, February 2003, http://www.sensorsmag.com/articles/0203/38/main.shtml; Tomas Krag and 
Sebastian Buettrich, "Wireless Mesh Networking," O'Reilly Wireless DevCenter, January 22, 2004, 
http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/wirelessl2004/01/22/wirelessmesh.html. 

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44.
Carver Mead, founder of more than twenty-five companies and holder of more than fifty patents, is pioneering 
the new field of neuromorphic electronic systems, circuits modeled on the brain and nervous system. See 
Carver A. Mead, "Neuromorphic Electronic Systems," 
IEEE Proceedings
78.10 (October 1990): 1629–36. His 
work led to the computer touch pad and the cochlear chip used in digital hearing aids. His 1999 start-up 
company Foveon makes analog image-sensors that imitate the properties of film. 
45.
Edward Fredkin, "A Physicist's Model of Computation," 
Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Recontre de 
Moriond, Texts of Fundamental Symmetries
(1991): 283–97, 
http://digitalphilosophy.org/physicists_model.htm. 
46.
Gene Frantz, "Digital Signal Processing Trends," 
IEEE Micro
20.6 (November/December 2000): 52–59, 
http://csdl.computer.org/comp/mags/mi/2000/06/m6052abs.htm. 
47.
In 2004 Intel announced a "right hand turn" switch toward dual-core (more than one processor on a chip) 
architecture after reaching a "thermal wall" (or "power wall") caused by too much heat from ever-faster single 
processors: http://www.intel.com/employee/retiree/circuit/righthandturn.htm. 
48.
R. Landauer, "Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing Process," 
IBM Journal of Research 
Development
5 (1961): 183–91, http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/053/ibmrd0503C.pdf. 
49.
Charles H. Bennett, "Logical Reversibility of Computation," 
IBM Journal of Research Development
17 
(1973): 525–32, http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/176/ibmrd1706G.pdf; Charles H. Bennett, "The 
Thermodynamics of Computation-a Review," 
International Journal of Theoretical Physics
21 (1982): 905–40; 
Charles H. Bennett, "Demons, Engines, and the Second Law," 
Scientific American
257 (November 1987): 
108–16. 
50.
Edward Fredkin and Tommaso Toffoli, "Conservative Logic," 
International Journal of Theoretical Physics
21 
(1982): 219–53, http://digitalphilosophy.org/download_documents/ConservativeLogic.pdf. Edward Fredkin, 
"A Physicist's Model of Computation," 
Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Recontre de Moriond, Tests of 
Fundamental Symmetries
(1991): 283–97, http://www.digitalphilosophy.org/physicists_model.htm. 
51.
Knight, "Digital Image Stored in Single Molecule," referring to Khitrin et aI., "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 
Molecular Photography"; see note 30 above. 
52.
Ten billion (10
10
) humans at 10
19
cps each is 10
29
cps for all human brains; 10
42
cps is greater than this by ten 
trillion (10
13
). 
53.
Fredkin, "Physicist's Model of Computation"; see notes 45 and 50 above. 
54.
Two such gates are the Interaction Gate, a two-input, four-output universal, reversible-logic gate
and the Feynman Gate, a two-input, three-output reversible, universal-logic gate. 

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Both images are from ibid., p. 7. 
55.
Ibid., p. 8. 
56.
C. 1. Seitz et al., "Hot-Clock nMOS,"