Microsoft Word Kurzweil, Ray The Singularity Is Near doc

Advanced Materials
13 (November 
2001): 1673–77; I. Willner and B. Willner, "Biomaterials Integrated with Electronic Elements: En 
Route to Bioelectronics," 
Trends in Biotechnology
19 (June 2001): 222–30; Deborah A. Fitzgerald, 
"Bridging the Gap with Bioelectronics," 
Scientist
16.6 (March 18, 2002): 38. 
33.
Robert Freitas provides an analysis of this scenario: Robert A. Freitas Jr., 
Nanomedicine
, vol. 1, 
Basic Capabilities
, section 7.4.5.4, "Cell Message Modification" (Georgetown, Tex.: Landes 
Bioscience, 1999), pp. 194-96, http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI/7.4.5.4.htm#p5, and section 
7.4.5.6, "Outmessaging to Neurons," pp. 196–97, 
http://www.nanomedicine.comINMI/7.4.5.6.htm#p2. 
34.
For descriptions of the Ramona project, including videos of the virtual-reality presentation at the 
TED conference and a behind-the-scenes "Making of Ramona" video, see "All About Ramona," 
http://www.KurzweilAI.net/meme/frame.html?m=9. 
35.
I. Fried et al., "Electric Current Stimulates Laughter," 
Nature
391.6668 (February 12, 1998): 650. 
See Ray Kurzweil, 
The Age of Spiritual Machines
(New York: Viking, 1999). 
36.
Robert A. Freitas Jr., 
Nanomedicine
, vol. 1, 
Basic Capabilities
, section 7.3, "Communication 
Networks" (Georgetown, Tex.: Landes Bioscience, 1999), pp. 186–88, 
http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI/7.3.htm. 
37.
Allen Kurzweil, 
The Grand Complication: A Novel
(New York: Hyperion, 2002); Allen Kurzweil, 
A Case of Curiosities
(New York: Harvest Books, 2001). Allen Kurzweil is my first cousin. 
38.
As quoted in Aubrey de Grey, "Engineering Negligible Senescence: Rational Design of Feasible, 
Comprehensive Rejuvenation Biotechnology," Kronos Institute Seminar Series, February 8, 2002. 
PowerPoint presentation available at http://www.gen.cam.ac.uk/sens/sensov.ppt. 
39.
Robert A. Freitas Jr., "Death Is an Outrage!" presentation at the fifth Alcor Conference on Extreme 
Life Extension, Newport Beach, Calif., November 16, 2002, 
http://www.rfreitas.com/Nano/DeathIsAnOutrage.htm, published on KurzweilAI.net January 9, 
2003: http://www.KurzweilAI.net/articles/art0536.html. 

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40.
Cro-magnon, "30 years or less, often much less ...": 
http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/sapiens_culture.htm. 
Egypt: Jac J. Janssen quoted in Brett Palmer, "Playing the Numbers Game," in 
Skeptical 
Review
, published online May 5, 2004, at 
http://www.theskepticalreview.com/palmer/numbers.html. 
Europe 1400: Gregory Clark, 
The Conquest of Nature: A Brief Economic History of the World
(Princeton University Press, forthcoming, 2005), chapter 5, "Mortality in the Malthusian Era," 
http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gclark/GlobalHistory/Global%20History-5.pdf. 
1800: James Riley, 
Rising Life Expectancy: A Global History
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge 
University Press, 2001), pp. 32–33. 
1900: 
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/datalhus/tables/2003/03hus027.pdf. 
41.
The museum was originally located in Boston and is now in Mountain View, Calif. 
(http://www.computerhistory.org). 
42.
Lyman and Kahle on long-term storage: "While good paper lasts 500 years, computer tapes last 10. 
While there are active organizations to make copies, we will keep our information safe, we do not 
have an effective mechanism to make 500 year copies of digital materials...." Peter Lyman and 
Brewster Kahle, "Archiving Digital Cultural Artifacts: Organizing an Agenda for Action,"