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LECTURE 6. The skills in EAP and EOP
Plan:
·
Aims of the topic 
·
Reading skills in ESP 
·
Listening to monologue 
·
Listening and speaking skills in ESP 
·
Speaking monologue 
·
Writing skills in ESP 
 Aims
We opted for 5 skills because when we discuss listening comprehension, we need to be clear 
about whether we are referring to listening to monologue, as in an academic lecture or a business 
presentation, or to listening as part of a group discussion, as in a business meeting or negotiation 
or a seminar in which the listener will also contribute as a speaker to the discussion.
The term ‘skills’ is used at two levels: there are 5 macro-skills of reading, listening, listening and 
speaking, speaking, and writing, each consisting of a number of micro-skills. Some micro-skills 
such as ‘using cohesive and discourse markers’ will be associated with all the macro-skills; 
others such as ‘revising a first draft of a text’ will be associated with a particular skill, in this 
case. 
Reading skills in ESP 
In this lecture we shall look at how the purpose of reading and the balance between skills and 
language affect the teaching of reading in ESP
. The purpose of reading
; TALO to TAVI. One of 
the most important contributions to the approach to reading in ESP was the shift from Text as a 
Linguistic Object (TALO) to Text as a Vehicle of Information (TAVI) (Johns and Davies 1983). 
Johns and Davies encapsulated the key principles that, for ESP learners, extracting information 
accurately and quickly is more significant than language details; that understanding the 
macrostructure comes before language. 
The balance between skills and language 
Around the same time there was a second significant contribution to teaching reading on ESP 
courses: the recognition that good reading requires language and skills. Hosenfeld (1977) had 
shown that less successful foreign language learners had a fragmented approach to text, while 
successful learners went for overall meaning, guessing or skipping language and information. 
The reading component of an ESP courses thus requires balance between skills and language 
development. Some of the key skills to be learnt or transferred into the new language area: 
·
selecting what is relevant for the current purpose; 
·
using all the features of the text such as headings, layouts, typeface; 
·
skimming for content and meaning; 
·
scanning for specifics; 
·
identifying organizational patterns; 

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·
understanding relations within a sentence and between sentences; 
·
using cohesive and discourse markers 
·
predicting, inferring and guessing; 
·
processing and evaluating the information during reading; 
·
transferring or using the information while or after reading; 
TALO 
TAVI 
Principles underlying text
selection 
*text 
illustrate 
syntactic 
structrues 
*topics are of general interest 
*texts are specially written, 
modified or re-written 
*new vocabulary is controlled 
*texts are graded and short 
*texts are selected by teachers
*almost none 
*some 
translation 
of 
vocabulary 
*texts are chosen for their 
value in relation to students’ 
needs 
*a range of authentic texts are 
used 
*grading is through tasks and 
support 
*texts are of different lengths, 
getting longer 
*texts are selected not only by 
teachers, but also by learners 
and others 
Preparatory activities 
*almost none 
*some 
translation 
of 
vocabulary 
*always: 
important 
as 
direction finders to awaken 
interest 
and 
to 
establish 
purpose 
Working with the text 
*focus on language and what 
is unknown
*focus 
on 
detail 
and 
understanding 
all 
the 
sentences and words 
*focus on information and 
what is known
*guessing unknown words 
Type 
of 
teaching/learning 
interaction 
*teacher monologue
*teacher-centered 
teacher 
questions, student responds, 
teacher evaluates 
*students work in groups 
*reversal of roles: students ask 
questions, evaluate each other, 
reach agreement 
Follow-up activities 
*comprehension questions 
*grammar and lexis exercises 
*using 
the 
information: 
transfer, 
application 
or 
extension 
*applying techniques 

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