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Articles 
Certain uses of the articles are of particular importance in ESP. These are the absence of an 
article in general statements with an uncountable noun, as in: 
Copper is a reddish metal.
Downsizing is a business phenomenon of the 80s and 90s. 
Another area that seems to cause particular difficulties is the use of ‘the’ with named methods , 
procedures, formulas, graphs, cycles and other concepts as in: 
the Smith hypothesis, the water cycle, the Fry model. 
These two aspects of article usage seem to cause problems for non- native speakers, yet can be 
taught by making the rules of usage specific.
Nominalisation 
Nominalization that is the use of verbal nouns usually ending in suffixes such as –action,-ition, -
ment, - ness, is a major feature of the abstract language favored by academic writers (Mason, 
1990). 

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The nominalised phrase which acts as the grammatical subject in sentence is also the 
grammatical subject of the second sentence. A key part of the meaning is packaged in this 
nominal phrase; contrast what we might say in informal language where we might transfer the 
main meaning to the verb phase for ex:’the crop 
produces
a large amount’. 
Logical connectors 
Logical connectors, such as moreover, however, therefore have always had a high profile in 
EAP teaching. They are generally seen as a key to understanding the logical relationships in texts 
and therefore relevant to the teaching of reading, listening and writing in EAP. 
Grammar in Business English 
As noted by Robinson and Dudley- Evans and St John much less research has been published in 
the area of BE. The amount of research is growing and will undoubtedly increase dramatically in 
the next ten years or so. We can draw up a list of grammar areas that business grammar reference 
books single out. All the place emphasis on the verb form, especially tense and voice; then on 
modals and verbs of saying, reporting and the difference between do and make, have and have 
got. Wilberg and Lewis select 24 business and practice their forms: 
accept, advise, confirm, 
consider, explain, offer, object, point out, propose, recommend, refuse, reject, remind, reply, and 
others. 
The teaching of grammar in ESP 
Reference books outlining the meaning and form of grammatical points can be particularly 
useful for the ESP teacher and we list some in our recommend reading. Assisted Language 
Learning CALL programs which all students to home in on their own particular difficulties.