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Collecting data for needs analysis and evaluation purposes 
For both needs analysis and evaluation, outsiders or insiders could be involved. Outsiders can be 
perceived as more objective since they provide a fresh or alternative viewpoint and are not 
stakeholders. However, as outsiders, they do not know the situation and the environment so they 
may miss or misinterpret data. Holliday (1955:120) stresses how important it was that he knew 
the educational system of the country in which he was asked to carry out a company needs 
analysis. Without taking cultural and micro political factors into consideration his 
recommendations would not have been realistic. This constitutes a real problem for a complete 
outsider who may find that there are hidden agendas and that their support is being sought for a 
decision that has already been made.
For needs analysis the main sources are: 

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·
The learners 
·
People working or studying in the field 
·
Ex- students 
·
Documents relevant to the field 
·
Clients 
·
Employers 
·
Colleagues 
·
ESP research in the field 
The main data collection methods for needs analysis are: 
·
Questionnaires
 
·
Analysis of authentic spoken and written texts
 
·
Discussions
 
·
Structured interviews
 
·
Observations
 
·
Assessments
 
Checklists and questionnaires: 
Questionnaires are generally more wide ranging than checklists 
and, as they are used for quantitative information, they need careful construction. Checklists are 
narrower in scope and more commonly used for a qualitative feel. When used with large 
numbers then only objective responses can be analyzed which restricts the information collected. 
Striking the balance between enough answers and data, and time boredom for responders is 
difficult.