Microsoft Word doctoral thesis final[1]. doc

participants obliged and the information was inserted into the blank spaces.  
 
The typed transcript was printed out to allow close reading and examination of key issues 
emerging from the data. Highlighters of different colours were used to mark dominant 
themes as they emerged. Patterns which unfolded were noted in the margins and any 
striking or interesting point was noted. Responses that made a clear statement were also 
noted to use as quotes. When marking of the transcript was complete, another file was 
opened with a list of all noteworthy aspects identified under each topic, both in the 
interview data and the survey qualitative data. 
 
The qualitative data were subjected to thematic coding and analysis. Presentation of 
findings included verbatim comments to illustrate significant themes that were identified.  
 
4.4.3.7 Reliability and validity 
 
In qualitative research, reliability refers to the consistency of the researcher’s interactive 
style, data recording, data analysis, and interpretation of the responses (McMillan & 
Schumacher 1993:385). To enhance reliability, McMillan and Schumacher (1993:231) 
suggest, that it is best to establish standard conditions of data collection. All subjects 
should be given the same directions, have the same time frame in which to answer 
questions at the same time; the survey instrument must be appropriate in reading level 
and language. The maximum time to complete the instrument should be one hour. 

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However, the nature of the present investigation necessitated setting a standard duration 
time of two hours. 
 
Before the survey instrument was administered, it was piloted and refined with the help 
of experts. The participants were then interviewed in similar conditions, such as, starting 
time, duration of interview, interview schedule and role of researcher.  In addition, to 
ensure reliability and validity of the data, the interview was recorded on video whilst 
further notes were taken. Every effort was made by the researcher to establish rapport 
with the contributors under professional conditions.