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Business:(Бuзнec,Пpeдnpuнuмamezbcmвo)
Figure6–Business
The6изhec/пpeдпpиhимateльctbopairhassimilarcharacteristicstothe6изhecмeh / пpeдпpиhимateль pair above.The qualitative adjectives such as мaлый‘small’andcpeдhий‘medium’areusedwithbothпpeдпpиhимateльctbo‘enterprise’and 6изhec ‘business, enterprise’.There is almost no use of qualitative кpyпhый ‘large’with пpeдпpиhимateльctbo, presumably because all of the private enterprises during theSoviettimes wereeitherofsmall ormedium sizes.
Onenotablecollocationistheuseoftherelationaladjectiveчacthыйwithbothпpeдпpиhимateльctbo and 6изhec.In the 6изhec / пpeдпpиhимateль pair discussedpreviously,thisadjectivewasonlywasassociatedonlywithпpeдпpиhимateль.Although чacthый 6изhec ‘private business’ does occur, the overall frequency is stillquite low, suggesting that much like чacthый 6изhecмeh,the чacthый ‘private’propertyof6изhecwouldusuallybeimplied.Moreinterestingistheprevalenceoftherelational adjectives кpимиhaльhый ‘criminal’, teheboй ‘shady’, лeгaльhый ‘legal’ with6изhec and their nearly complete absence with пpeдпpиhимateльctbo. From the data itisapparent that6изhecis quiteapopularloanword, whosemeaningnot onlyoverlapswith the ‘legal’ meanings of the Russian counterpart, but it is also used in ‘less thanlegal’contextssuchasкpимиhaльhыйandteheboй.
Consensus:(Poнceнcyc,Coszacue)
Figure7–Consensus
This loanword entered mainstream use in Russian language during perestroika,when it was used by Mikhail Gorbachev.The Russian counterpart, whose meaningoverlaps a little with that of кohcehcyc, is coглacиe ‘consent, consensus’.The Englishloanword, although it has the same general meaning of ‘understanding, agreement’, isused in official and bureaucratic styles, with relational adjectives that describe society(o6щehaциohaльhый,o6щectbehhый),nationalpolitics(haциohaльhый)andinternational relations (мeждyhapoдhый).The Russian counterpart word is generallyabsent in this area of meanings, and has the more basic, everyday collocations with:мoлчaлиbый‘silent’,пиcьмehhый‘written’,пpиhципиaльhый‘principal’,andдo6poboльhый‘voluntary’.Becauseкohcehcychassecuredanicheinthemeaningareas
wherethe Russiancounterpartsarerarelyused,itissafetoassume thatitwillcontinuetocompetesuccessfullywiththesecounterparts, andremain inmainstream use.
Confrontation:(Poнфpoнmaцuя,Пpomuвocmoянue,Cmozкнoвeнue)
Figure8–Confrontation
This word group has a relationship similar to that of кohcehcyc, except that theoverlapinmeaningismuchgreater,astheRussiancounterpartshavecollocationdistributionssimilartotheEnglishloanword.Theonlyobviousdifferenceisthepresence of the qualitative adjective пpямoй‘direct’ whichappearstoreinforce themeaning of the loanword, and the absence of this adjective with the counterparts, whichsuggests that it is already a part of their meaning. This is further supported by the factthattheadjectivesthatdescribestronger,morephysicalanddirectconfrontations
(boehhый‘military’,otкpыtый‘open’andboopyжehhый‘armed’)appearmorefrequently with the Russian counterparts.But this fact is not enough for the Englishloanword to secure a clear niche in competition with the Russian counterparts, and theloanwordadoption into thelanguageis less certain.
Ambition(Aмбuцuя,Caмozюбue,Cmpeмzeнue)
Figure9–Ambition
The relationship between aм6иция ‘ambition’ and its Russian counterparts issimilar to that of кohcehcyc.That is, the contexts in which the two counterparts findthemselves do not exactly overlap with that of the loanword.Although the loanword anditscounterpartsalloccur withrelationaladjectiveslikeличhый‘personal,individual’and
co6ctbehhый‘own’,aм6ицияseemstobeusedmostfrequentlyinapoliticalcontextsjustlikeкohcehcycdiscussedearlier.Therelationaladjectivesthatcollocatemostfrequentlywithaм6ицияinclude:пoлиtичecкий‘political’,пpeзидehtcкий‘presidential’,импepийcкий‘imperial’andhaциohaльhый‘national’.TheRussiancounterpartctpeмлehиe‘aspiration,ambition’hassomeoverlapwiththeuseofhaциohaльhый,butother,morepersonalrelationaladjectivesoccurwithmorefrequency:мyжcкoй‘masculine’andabtopcкий‘author’.TheotherRussiancounterpart,ctpeмлehиe,rarelyoccursinpoliticalcontexts,insteaditisusedmorefrequently with the less neutral, qualitative bыcoкий ‘high, lofty’, and the relationaladjectivesидeaльhый‘ideal’andдyxobhый‘spiritual’.Muchlikeinthecaseofкohcehcyc, this English loanword does not closely overlap in meaning with the Russiancounterparts it is competing with, thus giving it an advantage and a good possibility ofbeing retained in the Russian language.This is because the meaning of aм6иция appearstohavebeensemantically concretizedintousagewithinpoliticalcontextsandwithnegativeconnotationslikeимпepийcкий‘imperial’(oratleastwiththeabsenceofpositive connotations like bыcoкий, or дyxobhый).This negative connotation may be acarryover from the Soviet past, as some dictionaries from this time gloss aм6иция asambition,but also includetheovertonesofprideorarrogance.
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