Metodika final exam. What is linguo-cultural teaching and learning?

Write about techniques used in ALM

This teaching technique was initially called the Army Method, and was the first to be based on linguistic theory and behavioral psychology, developed during World War II at the University of Michigan in order to rapidly develop effective oral-aural skills in foreign languages for military personnel.
Charles Fries and Robert Lado are credited with the association of behaviorist psychology and a contrastive structural analysis of the target language to produce the following principles for foreign language learning :
1. Foreign language learning is basically a process of mechanical habit formation. Good habits are formed by giving correct responses rather than by making mistakes. By memorizing dialogues and performing pattern drills the chances of producing mistakes are minimized.
2. Language skills are learned more effectively if the items to be learning in the target language are presented in spoken form before they are seen in written form.
3. Analogy provides a better foundation for language learning than analysis. Analogy involves the processes of generalization and discrimination.
4. The meanings that the words of a language have for the native speaker can be learned only in a linguistic and cultural context and not in isolation.
This method is still in use today. The most superb supporters of this method were Giorgio Shenker, who promoted guided self -learning with the Shenker method in Italy and Robin Callen, who created the Callen method. Larsen-Freeman (2000, p.47-50) provides expanded descriptions of some common or typical techniques closely associated with the Audio-Lingual method.

56. 
    Write about advantageous and disadvantageous sides of ALM
    

Advantages
 It was the first method which was based on scientific linguistic and psychological theories.
 With its simpler techniques, this method widened the scope of the language learner.
 Syntactic progression of language patterns receives more importance than vocabulary and morphology. 4. Language learning involved in learning different skills.
 They promote the use of a simple technique
Disadvantages
Despite these advantages, ALM started to be criticized in the 1960s from different sources: first, between 1966 and 1972 Chomsky initiated a prolonged and heated debate on the method ’s language and learning principles. Secondly, it was found that the ALM did not act as the panacea for teachers who started to complain that not all their needs were met by this method. In addition, students expressed their dissatisfaction with the mechanical drills in classes and called them tedious and tiresome. They complained that what they acquired was more like parroting and less like real communication the required outside of their classrooms. For these reasons, since 1970 audio- lingual as a method came to its end, even though parts of it still continue to be used in the modern language teaching methods.

57.