Методическое пособие «Сборник текстов с упражнениями по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»

Ex.1. Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.
ранения и травмы; неотъемлемая часть; однако; великие достижения; принцип антисептики; применение переливание крови; различные симптомы; каждая часть; ткани; успех; потерпеть неудачу.
Ex.2. Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.
operative techniques; records of surgical cases; application of rubber gloves; use of drugs for various symptoms; have also aided success; dared to invade; every portion of the human body; has been invaded.
Ex.3. Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. 
   What is the subject of surgery?
   
2. 
   Who has always been an integral part of medical science?
   
3. 
   Who discovered ether anesthesia?
   
4. 
   What did Joseph Lister propose?
   
5. 
   The use of blood transfusion, the control of fluid in the body and the use of drugs for various symptoms have also aided success in surgery, haven’t they?
   
6. 
   Is the surgery of today called physiological or urgent surgery?
   

Text

INTRODUCTION INTO GENERAL SURGERY

The term "surgery" comes from Greek. Surgery is the branch of medicine in which various mechanical therapeutic manipulations (incisions, punctures, suturing, reductions of dislocations and so on) performed by the physician used. These procedures are designated by the words" surgical operation" or merely by one word "operation".
For a very long time surgical operations were performed only on the superficial parts of the body, but even after such operations severe inflammations due to the infection of wound were frequently met with, causing death.
Only during the second half of the 19th century, general development of natural science made it possible to solve this difficult problem. The brilliant Russian surgeon N. I. Pirogov was the first to voice the assumption that wounds were infected by invasion of special causative agents named by him "miasmas". In 1863 the famous French scientist Pasteur published the results of his remarkable studies of the processes of putrefaction. Pasteur proved that these processes were evoked by minute living organisms — bacteria. On the basis of Pasteur's works the British surgeon Lister concluded that the purulence of wounds was also caused by bacteria which found their way into the wounds from the air. To protect the wounds from the penetration of bacteria or to destroy these bacteria after their penetration into the wounds Lister began to irrigate the wounds with a solution of carbolic acid and to treat the instruments and dressing material to be used in the operations with the same solution.
The method elaborated by Lister was given the name of antiseptic. This method gave fine results.
During the years that followed scientists found that to protect the wounds from infection it was enough to treat all objects to be handled and used during an operation with a physical agent namely, heat. This new method of disinfection was given the name of asepsis.
The antiseptic and aseptic methods of treating wounds revolutionized surgery and almost completely eliminated the danger of infecting wounds to be operated on.
Words:

1. 
   incision - иссечение,разрез, надрез
   
2. 
   puncture -пункция, прокол
   
3. 
   suturing -наложение шва
   
4. 
   reduction - of dislo­cation вправление вывиха
   
5. 
   superficial -parts of the body поверхность тела
   
6. 
   infection of the wound зара­жение раны
   
7. 
   to voice -зд. высказать
   
8. 
   special causative agents - специфиче­ские возбудители
   
9. 
   miasmas (pl) от miasma миазмы
   
10. 
    putrefaction - гниение
    
11. 
    minute living organ­isms - мельчайшие живые ор­ганизмы
    
12. 
    purulence - на­гноение
    
13. 
    solution of carbolic acid - раствор кар­боловой кислоты
    
14. 
    to treat the instruments об­рабатывать инструменты
    
15. 
    dressing material - перевязочный материал
    
16. 
    antiseptic - антисептический
    
17. 
    antisepsis - антисептика
    
18. 
    namely - а именно
    
19. 
    asepsis - асептика