Международный научно-образовательный электронный журнал «образование и наука в XXI веке». Выпуск №25 (том 3)

---

569 
In addition, when translating from English into Russian, words of a single 
meaning such as the person, the woman, the creature are replaced with specific proper 
nouns or nouns such as 
old man, soldier, passer-by, hostess, dog, cat, etc. 
1.3 Generalization.
This term refers to the opposite of instantiation, in other 
words, the replacement of an IT unit with the narrowest meaning by a PT unit with the 
broadest meaning. For example, 
my brother comes to me almost every weekend 
– 
Mening akam mening uyimga deyarli har kun keladi. 
1.4 Modulation (replacing effect with cause and vice versa)
. In translation 
there are often lexical substitutions that are based on cause-effect relationships between 
concepts. For example, an ST word or phrase has the possibility to be replaced in 
translation with a word or phrase of TT, which by regular relations denotes the cause 
of the action or condition denoted by the translated ST unit, for example, 
He doesn't 
blame her
– 
U uni ayblayotgani yo’q.
In this example, the replacement is based on a 
cause-effect relationship: 
He doesn't blame her because he understands her. 
1
.5 Antonymic translation
is a widespread lexical and grammatical 
transformation, the essence of which is the transformation of an affirmative 
construction into a negative one or vice versa. The following is an example of the 
proverb: 
Blessing in disguise
– 
baxt bo’lmas biroq baxtsizlik yordam berar.
A special case of antonymic translation is the replacement of an adjective or 
adverb in the comparative or superlative degree with an adjective or adverb in the 
positive degree and vice versa.