Международный научно-образовательный электронный журнал «образование и наука в XXI веке». Выпуск №25 (том 2)

 
Masculinity/Feminity:
According to Hofstede, a society is called masculine 
when emotional gender roles are clearly distinct: men are supposed to be 
assertive, tough, and focused on material success, whereas women are supposed 
to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. A society is 
called feminine when emotional gender roles overlap: both men and women are 
supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. 
-
 
Uncertainty Avoidance
According to Hofstede, uncertainty avoidance can be 
defined as: the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened 
ambiguous or unknown situations. This feeling is, among other things, expressed 
through nervous stress and in a need for predictability: a need for written and 
unwritten rules. 
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Long-/Short-Term Orientation (LTO
) Long-term orientation is the extent to 
which a society exhibits a pragmatic future-oriented perspective rather than a 
conventional historic or short-term point of view[1]. 
 
Another opinion about culture developed by Arjun Appadurai who explained five 
factors forming the dynamics of existing cultural diversity. He represents these 
dimensions as “scapes”. The dimensions of global culture are ethnoscapes, 
technoscapes, finanscapes, mediascapes, and ideoscapes. 

Ethnoscape
shows the movement of people from one part of the world to another like 
tourists, immigrants, refugees, guests, exiles, workers and so on
.
Technoscapes 
describes the transporting of industrial technology across national borders.
Finanscape
indicates patterns of global money transfer. In addition to these factors 
are mediascape and ideoscape
.