Mavzu: Kompleks birikmalarda kimyoviy bog’ tabiati. Simmetriya elementlari. Vbn va unga ko’ra kompleks birikmalarning geometrik tuzilishi

Izomerlanish

• Erkin radikal hosil bo‘lishi:
• R – Cl + AlCl3 → R+[AlCl4]-
• Vodorodning ko`chishi:
• R+ + CH3CH­2CH2CH3 ↔ RH + CH3CH+CH2CH3
• Yoki, CH3CH+CH2CH3 ↔ CH2+CH2CH2CH3
• Qayta guruhlanish:
• CH3CH+CH2CH3 → (CH3)2CHCH2+
• (CH3)2CHCH2+ + CH3CH2CH2CH3 → (CH3)2CHCH2 + CH3CH+CH2CH3
• Zanjirning uzilishi: R+ + [AlCl4]- → R – Cl + AlCl3

2.2-jadval Neftning turli fraksiyalarini 1 soat davomida 425 oC da krekinglanganda hosil bo‘ladigan benzin miqdori

Neft fraksiyalari	Hosil bo‘lgan benzin miqdori %
Neft solvinti	–
Kerosin	15
Gazoyl	16
Qoldiq	18
Og‘ir distillyat	22

Butanning pirolizi

• Erkin radikallarning hosil bo‘lishi:
• C4H10 → 2 .C2H5 yoki . CH3 + . C3H7
• R + n-butan → RH + n-butil
• R + n-butan → RH + ikkilamchibutil
• Radikallarning disproporsiyalanishi:
• n-butil → . C2H5 + C2H4
• ikkilamchibutil → CH3 + C3H6
• . C2H5 → . H + C2H4
• ikkilamchibutil → H + CH3CH=CHCH3
• Zanjirning uzilishi:
• . CH3 + . C2H5 → C3H8
• .CH3 + . C2H5 → CH4 + C2H4

Oksidlash

• Metanning formaldegidgacha oksidlanishi:
• 2 CH4 + O2 = 2 CH2O + 2 H2
• 2 CH4 + O2 = 2 CO2 + 4 H2 = 2 CH3OH
• 2 CH3OH + O2 = 2 CH2O + 2 H2O
• Metan suv bug‘i yoki uglerod(IV)-oksid bilan birgalikda 850oC atrofida nikel katalizator ustidan o‘tkazilganda (konversiya qilinganda) uglerod(II)-oksid va vodorodga parchalanadi:
• CH4 + H2O = CO + 3 H2 CH4 + CO2 = 2 CO + 2 H2
• Hosil qilingan gazlar sintez-gaz deyiladi.