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orientalist - someone who studies the languages and culture of oriental countries
overt – obvious, evident
parole - speech
phonology – the study of the system of speech sounds in a language, or the system of sounds itself
pronounced - very great or noticeable
Proto-Indo-European – is the theorized common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.
referred to as - call (formal)
relics - traces, remains of smth
rheme - the part of a clause that gives information about the theme
scholarship –serious, detailed study
self-contained – independent, autonomous
soundshift - a gradual alteration or series of alterations in the pronunciation of a set of sounds, esp. of vowels.
synchronic - concerned with something, especially a language, as it exists at one point in time.
target language - the language that you are learning or translating into
techniques - methods, means
theme - the subject of a talk, piece of writing, exhibition, etc.
theory of markedness – is a qualitative theory of oppositional binary relations. unmarked – not marked or bearing identifying markings; not noticed
voicing – a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants).
Literature used and recommended
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Don Ringe. From Proto –Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press, 2006, 366 p.
Encyclopedia Americana, 30 volumes, New-York, 2000.
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Michael Clyne, The German Language in a Changing Europe (1995) ISBN 0521499704 George O. Cunne, A Grammar of the German Language (1904, 1922) - the most complete and authoritative work in English Anthony Fox, The Structure of German (2005) ISBN 0199273995
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