Маъсул муҳаррир: Филология фанлари доктори, профессор: Г. Х. Боқиева Тақризчилар

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A History of the English Language

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• Basic Changes in the Development of the English Verb System OE verb
• Strong verbs

3rd person Nom Obj.	MFN He he/she hit/it Him hir(e) him/it her	He sheit Him herit	Hie/they Hem/them
They them

Numerals
Cardinal: from 1 to 3 were declined. From 4 to 19 are usually invariable, if used as attributes to a noun, but are declined if used without a substantive. Numerals denoting tens have their genitive in – es or in –a, -ra, their dative in – um. 1 –än, 2 – twegen, tu, twa; 3 – thrie4 – feower, 5 – fif, 6 – six, 7– seofon, 8– eahta, 9– nigon, 10 – tien. From 13 to 19 – the suffix – tiene; from 20 to 90 – the suffix – tig, and so on. Compound numerals: 22 – twa and twentig, 48 – eahta and feowertig.
Ordinal: were declined as weak adjectives (with the exception of ‘other’ second.)
In ME a few phonetic changes took place, in ordinal numerlas ‘other’ was superseded by the French’ second’.
Basic Changes in the Development of the English Verb System
OE verb:
The verb system of OE had the following categories: the category of number (sing. and plural), the category of person (1st, 2nd, 3d), the category of mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive); of tense (present, past; present tense together with adverbs of future sometimes performed the function of future tense); 3 verbals (infinitive, participle 1 and participle 2).
The OE verb system was characterized by another feature: all verbs were divided into 2 groups according to the use of different grammatical means to form past verb forms, into strong verbs and weak verbs.
Strong verbs are those which derive their past tense and second participle by means of gradation. And weak verbs are those which derive their forms by means of the suffix –d/t. Sometimes suffixation was accompanied by a vowel interchange. Besides these 2 groups, there are also preterite-pesent verbs and a few irregular verbs.
Strong verbs have 4 basic forms: the infinitive, the past singular, the past plural, and the second participle. All strong verbs fall into seven classes according to the type of gradation. E.g. 1s class: writan, wrat, writon, writen (infinitive, past sing. past plural, part. 2).
Weak verbs fall into 3 classes and each verb is characterized by 3 forms: infinitive, past tense and second participle. The past plural can be formed by replacing the ending – e of the singular by the –on ending of the plural: tellan, tealde, teald; habban- haefde-hafd. Conjugation: 1. Write, 2 writest, 3 writeth/writ, Past: wrat, write, wrat; Plural writen, writon.

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