Маъсул муҳаррир: Филология фанлари доктори, профессор: Г. Х. Боқиева Тақризчилар

Strong declension
Weak declension
Case	M	N	F	M	N	F
Nom Gen Dat Acc Instr.	Blind Blindes Blindum Blindne Blinde	Blind Blindes Blindum Blind Blinde	Blind Blindre Blindre Blinde Blindre	Blinda Blindan Blindan Blindan Blindan	Blinde Blindan Blindan Blinde blindan	Blinde Blindan Blindan Blindan blindan
Plural
					All genders
Nom Gen Dat Acc Instr	Blinde Blindra Blindum Blinde Blindum	Blind Blindra Blindum Blind Blindum	Blinda, e Blindra Blindum Blinda, e Blindum		Blindan Blindra,ena Blindum Blindan blindum

MdE Declension of Adjectives

Means of form-building	Positive	Comparative	Superlative	NE
Suffixation	Soft We:rig	Softra We:rigra	Softost We:rigost	Soft Weary
Suff. + vowel interchange	Glaed Long eald	Glaedra Lengra Ieldra (ealdra)	Gladost Lengest Ealdost, ealdest	Glad Long Old
Suppletion	Go:d Ly:tel micel	Bettra Lae:ssa Ma:ra	Bet(e)st Lae:st Mae:st	Good Little much

	sg	pl
Strong Weak	Blind blinde	Blinde blinde

Means of form-building	Positive	Comparative	Superlative	ME
Synthetic forms		-er	-est
	long	lenger (longer)	lengest (longest)
	old	older/elder	oldest/eldest
	far	farther/further	farthest/furthest
Analytical forms		More +adj.
		Better+ adj. More swete Better worthy
Double comparatives, double superlatives		More fressher Worser This was the most unkindest cut of all. (Shakespeare)

The Pronoun
OE pronoun:
There are several types of pronouns in OE: personal, possessive, demonstrative, interrogative, definite, indefinite, negative and relative.
Personal: besides singular and plural there also dual pronouns for the 1^st and 2 persons. They had 3 persons, 3 numbers (in the 1^st and 2^nd person) and 3 genders in the 3^rd person. The pronouns of the 1^st and 2^nd person had suppletive forms: Ic, min, me, me, mic; thu, thin, the, the, thec; When used with the pronoun ‘self’ personal pronouns denoted reflexive meanings.
Possessive: they are derived from the genitive case of the personal pronouns of all persons and numbers: min, thin, uncer, incer, ure, his, hire, hiera, etc.
Demonstrative: 2 pronouns ‘se’ (that) þes (this). They were declined like adjectives according to a five-case system (+ Instrumental Case). The meaning of the pronoun ‘se’ is often weakened, so that it approaches the status of an article: se mann (the man), seo sae (the sea).
ME pronoun:
During that period the following changes occurred:
- dual number pronouns disappeared; genitive case forms no longer existed; the dative and accusative merged into one objective case; the 3^rd person plural pronouns hi is superseded by the Scandinavian ‘they’; initial ‘h’ in ‘ hit’ often lost; occasionally the pronoun ‘ye’ is used in addressing one person.

Nom.	I, ich	thou	he	she	hit/it	we	ye	hi/they
Obj.	Me	the	him/hir/her		hit/it	us	you	hem/them

Possessive pronouns: 1 person (min, mi), 2 person Thin, thi) 3^rd person (his, hir/her, his) Plural (our, your, hire/their). The forms ‘min, thin’ are used before a vowel or ‘h’: min elbowe, myn herte. The forms my, thy are found before a word with the initial consonant (except ‘h’) thy child
Demonstrative:
There are 2 demonstrative pronouns: sē (that) and þes (this)

Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine			neuter
N.	sē	Sēo		Þat	þa
G.	þæs	þære		Þæs	þara, þæra
D.	þæm	þære		þæm	þæm
Acc.	þone	þa		Þat	þa
Instr.	Þy, þon			Þy, þon

The traditional view was that the definite article appears in OE, while the indefinite article appears in ME. But the point is that the notion of definite article can only be applied on condition that there exists in the language at the same time another article, the indefinite one. And the two notions ‘definite’ and ‘indefinite’ have a reasonable sense only as members of an opposition based on the category of definiteness/indefiniteness. Since there obviously was no indefinite article in OE, the article emerging from the pronoun sē could not in exact terminology be called definite. Therefore, it is possible to say that in OE there appeared an article, and the opposition of OE was that between article and no article (zero article).
OE forms of demonstrative pronoun (or definite article) se, seo were changed into the, theo. In Early ME forms like the, theo, that functioned both as demonstrative pronoun and as article. Since the 14th century the form ‘that’ was only preserved as a demonstrative pronoun form.
MnE pronoun:
The Middle English forms of personal pronouns underwent little change. The tendency to use ‘ye’ in addressing one person arose in ME already. In Shakespeare’s works both ‘thou’ and ‘ye’ are found, with stylistic differentiation between them. Eventually ‘thou’ completely vanished from ordinary literary language and was only preserved in elevated poetic and religious style, and also among Quakers. In the 16th century distinction between nominative ‘ye’ and objective ‘you’ began to disappear and in the 17th century ‘ye’ finally became archaic. The neuter possessive his was superseded by ‘its’ in the 17th century. The feminine possessive became ‘her’. Reflexive pronouns developed from the correspondent ME forms. Demonstrative pronouns acquired the following forms: this- these, that –those. Interrogative: who, whose, what, which. And other pronouns like compounds somebody, something, etc.’
Personal Pronouns

1^st person
Case	Singular		Dual		Plural
Nom Gen Dat Acc	Ic Mi:n Me: Mec, me:		Wit Uncer Unc uncit		Wē ūre, ūser ūsic
2^nd person
Nom Gen Dat Acc	Þū Þi:n Þe: Þe:c, Þe:		ʒit Incer Inc Incit, inc		ʒe: ēower ēow ēowic, ēow
3^rd person
Singular				Plural
Case	M	F	N		All genders
Nom Gen Dat Acc	He: His Him hine	He:o, hi:o Hire, hiere Hire, hiere Hi:e, hi:, hy:	Hit His Him hit		Hi:e,hi:,hy:,he:o Hira,heora,hiera, hyra Him, heom Hīe,hī, hēo

ME:

Person	Singular		Plural
	ME	Early NE	ME	Early NE
1^st person Nom. Obj	Ich/I me	I me	We us	We us
2^nd person Nom Obj.	Thou/thow thee	Thou/ye Thee/you	Ye you	You/ye you