Маъсул муҳаррир: Филология фанлари доктори, профессор: Г. Х. Боқиева Тақризчилар

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A statement, propounded by the Danish philologist Karl Verner in 1875, which explains certain apparent exceptions to Grimm's Law by the original position of the accent. Primitive Indo-European k, t, p, became first in Teutonic h, th, f, and appear without further change in old Teutonic, if the accent rested on the preceding syllable; but these sounds became voiced and produced g, d, b, if the accent was originally on a different syllable. Similarly s either remained unchanged, or it became z and later r. Example: Skt. sapta (accent on ultima), Gr. 'e'pta, Gothic sibun (seven). Examples in English are dead by the side of death, to rise and to rear.
Danish linguist wondered why not every I-E stop changed in the same way. His formulation established that Grimm's Law was consistent and could account for all known cognate evolution:
Intermediate step in Stage 1 shift:
All voiceless stops changed once:
ph --> f
th --> theta
kh --> h
sh --> s z
If the sound was in an initial position or immediately after a stressed verb, it changed no further.
Those in other positions changed to voiced spirants (b, d, g).
(Both Rasmus Rask and Jakob Grimm, at the time of their deaths, were aware that there were exceptions to Grimm's Law, but no one." at that time could account for these exceptions. That remained for the Danish linguist Karl Verner (1846 - 1896) to do.
Verner noticed that a great number of exceptions to Grimm's Law also had a regularity and system of their own, and could be explained logically as well. By examining Sanskrit, which preserved the older Indo-European stress patterns and which did not undergo the Germanic Consonant shift, and comparing Sanskrit and Germanic cognates, Verner was able to see that stress patterns in words had influenced the pronunciation of nearby consonants.
To see the effect of stress on nearby consonants, say the words "exist" and" exit." Most people pronounce the first /Ig'zIst/ and the second /EksIt/. (I use the symbol /E/ to stand for the mid front lax vowel.) Notice how the voiceless velar stops /k/ in "exit" becomes the voiced velar stop /g/ when it follows an unstressed (unaccented) vowel and is surrounded by voiced sounds.
Verner concluded the changes described by Rask and Grimm occurred in early Germanic times, and then another set of consonant shifts occurred later caused by stress patterns. And then (this is crucial) the stress shifted to the first syllable, effectively hiding the causes of the succeeding shift and making it almost impossible to recognize. Verner published his results in 1875, and the patterns he described came to be known as Verner's Law.
Verner was thus able to explain a whole category of seeming exceptions to Grimm's Law: Indo-European voiceless stops /p/, /t/, and /k/ shifted to early Germanic voiceless fricatives If I, 181 and lxi, according to Grimm's Law. Then, later, those voiceless fricatives that followed an unstressed syllable and were surrounded by voiced sounds shifted further to become the voiced fricatives, /ð/, and /γ/. Oddly, Verner's Law also appeared to apply to the voiceless alveola fricative /s/, which shifted to /z/. In all West Germanic languages, of which English is one, the /ð/ shifted again to /d/ and the /z/ shifted (by a process known as rhoticism) to /r/.
Early Gmc. wres (plural wresun', with stress on second syllable) became wres (plural wreron, in WGmc): was, were PIE pater' becomes faðer ' in Early Gmc; faðer after Verner's Law and stress shift; freder in WGmc incl. OE). (Note ModE "father" has shifted back!)