Маъсул муҳаррир: Филология фанлари доктори, профессор: Г. Х. Боқиева Тақризчилар

The Uralic Family of Languages
Not all European languages are
There are three European languages that are members of the Uralic Family. The family is named from the Ural Mountains. The people speaking these languages originated from the Siberian side of the Urals. Over 1500 years ago they migrated to Europe and have become entirely Europeanized. Their languages tell the story of their migrations.
In the Finnic Branch, Finnish and Estonian are closely related. There are also a group of closely related dialects called Karelian (spoken in the Karelia region of Finland and Russia).
Languages in the Ugric Branch (like Hungarian) are very different having separated from the Finnic ones around 3000 years ago. Hungarian's closest relatives (Ostyak, Vogul) are found in central Siberia. The majority of the languages in this family are spoken in Siberia (Mordvin, Komi, Nenets) apart from Sámi which is spoken in Lapland (northern Scandinavia).
Yukaghir (spoken in eastern Siberia) uses a pre-literate form of pictograms similar to those of some Native Americans.
The Uralic Languages have many suffixes. Finnish, for example, behaves as if it had 15 noun cases, Hungarian has 17. Country names in Finnish are difficult to recognize. Finland, for example, is Suomi. Mordvin has complex verbs varying for subject and object over four tenses and 7 moods.
The Altaic Family of Languages
The Altaic Family is named after the Altai Mountains, in Central Asia. These people were nomadic horsemen living in the plains. One group migrated towards Europe; the other group migrated towards the Korean Peninsula and the islands of Japan.
Turkish is the most westerly member of this family as well as the most spoken. Many of the others are spoken in former USSR republics Azeri (in Azerbaijan), Turkmen (in Turkmenia), Kazakh (in Kazakhstan), Kirghiz (in Kyrgyzstan), Uzbek (in Uzbekistan), Uigur (in Western China east of the Pamir Mountains).